← (Macro-trends)Regulation & standards
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This study analyzes legal gaps in regulating Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) under existing frameworks like COLREGS, STCW, and Indonesian Law No. 17 of 2008. It identifies three key issues: undefined legal responsibility for autonomous decisions, outdated STCW standards for remote operations, and unclear liability among flag states, operators, and tech developers. Using legal and comparative analysis, the research proposes a layered accountability model for Indonesia’s domestic shipping sector. The findings aim to guide regulatory reforms for MASS integration.
This paper analyzes how remotely operated Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) without crew redistribute environmental protection duties among ship systems, Remote Operations Centres (ROCs), and external support. It assesses whether existing pollution prevention, reporting, and emergency response functions can be maintained at equivalent levels under UNCLOS and IMO frameworks. The authors argue that coastal states’ jurisdiction should not expand beyond current limits, with pre-incident regulations and post-incident enforcement requiring clear legal boundaries. The study emphasizes clarifying how existing environmental protections apply to MASS rather than creating new regulatory powers.
The paper critiques the assumption that Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and port digitalization alone solve maritime transport challenges, arguing risks arise from systemic factors like vessel size, infrastructure limits, and organizational complexity. It emphasizes MASS as part of a broader socio-technical system, requiring smart ports, traffic management, and maritime simulators for safe coexistence with manned vessels. The role of simulators as cyber-physical test beds for validating operations, decision-support systems, and human-automation interaction is highlighted. The authors stress that successful MASS integration depends on managing complexity through predictive coordination, simulation-based validation, and regulatory adaptations, rather than just increasing autonomy.
This paper examines adjustments needed for ship crew training to prepare for Level 2 Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) technologies. Using the decision analytic network process, the study identifies crew competencies as the most critical factor. Recommended training includes monitoring MASS decision-making, integrating software and hardware, and artificial intelligence. The authors also suggest a modular design approach for MASS vessels.
The paper examines regulatory gaps in classifying high-impact AI for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), noting that the EU’s AI Act (2024) and South Korea’s AI Framework Act (2025) lack specific criteria for autonomous shipping. It proposes five criteria—navigation centrality, reliability under stress, systemic harm potential, data integrity dependence, and lack of human override—to define high-impact AI in this context. The authors link accurate classification to supply chain resilience, maritime safety, and environmental protection, given the sector’s critical role in global trade. The rapid adoption of MASS has outpaced existing governance frameworks, raising concerns about safety and regulatory legitimacy.
This paper reviews research on autonomous ship and harbor maneuvering from 2015 to 2026, covering control systems, AI, sensor fusion, digital twins, and logistics. It introduces a seven-layer cyber-physical taxonomy and a maturity model to assess integration levels, from isolated vessel autonomy to fully federated systems. While progress has been made in individual areas like control and perception, gaps remain in cross-layer coordination, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance. The authors propose a Federated Maritime Cyber-Physical Architecture to improve interoperability and resilience in autonomous harbor operations.
This study introduces an LLM-based framework to analyze Remote Operation Centres (ROCs) for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) using patent data. It identifies 22 key technology domains, with maritime data communication, remote control, and teleoperation as the most interconnected clusters. The analysis of 973 patents shows rapid growth in ROC technologies post-2018, driven by advancements in sensing, communication, and control systems. Findings highlight the need for standardized safety measures and targeted investments to support reliable MASS operations.
The study examines legal challenges posed by Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), highlighting benefits and unresolved issues. It reviews regional policies, including standards, test areas, and sandboxes, from neighboring countries, while assessing the adequacy of international conventions. Recommendations are provided for Vietnam and other ASEAN nations to expedite MASS regulation development and testing strategies. The paper also stresses the importance of enhanced regional cooperation in ASEAN.
The paper examines legal challenges posed by Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) to the freedom of navigation in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) under UNCLOS. It identifies three key issues: weakened flag State jurisdiction, conflicts between navigation freedom and coastal State security, and difficulties in enforcing the "due regard" obligation due to technical limitations. The author argues that China, as a major coastal State, should push for a "systemic jurisdiction" framework, including a navigation notification system and updated interpretations of "due regard." This approach aims to align AI-driven maritime navigation with UNCLOS while protecting national security and marine ecosystems.
The paper examines the duty to rescue at sea in relation to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), arguing that autonomy does not exempt vessels from rescue obligations. It analyzes how the IMO MASS Code’s Chapter 21 translates this duty into a goal-based framework, aligning with SOLAS requirements. Flag states must enforce compliance through certification and oversight, while coastal states must integrate MASS into search and rescue (SAR) coordination and ensure survivor disembarkation. The study outlines responsibilities for both flag and coastal states to ensure MASS can effectively assist persons in distress.
This study examines Myanmar’s legal and sustainability readiness for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). Survey data from 51 seafarer officers shows 40% find Myanmar’s current legal framework insufficient for MASS adoption. About 70% of respondents believe MASS will improve environmental sustainability. The research aims to help Myanmar develop a systematic framework for future MASS operations in its coastal waters.
The paper examines legal uncertainties surrounding Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) under current international maritime law, which remains human-centered. It highlights gaps in regulations due to AI-driven operations that separate control from the physical vessel. The study proposes redefining the captain’s role, the ship’s legal status, and shifting liability from fault-based to strict or product liability. It also recommends restructuring responsibilities from individuals to systems to improve legal predictability and flag state oversight.
13safety4sea2026-10-29
South Korea plans to develop fully unmanned autonomous ship technology by 2032. The initiative aims to advance maritime automation and improve operational efficiency. The project reflects the country’s focus on innovation in the shipping industry. No specific methods or interim milestones were detailed in the announcement.
The El-Rakhawi Sovereign Maritime Cyber-Physical Resilience Matrix (MR-CPS) is a seven-layered protocol designed to secure autonomous ships, smart ports, and global supply chains against quantum and systemic threats. It incorporates innovations such as a Physical Root of Trust, post-quantum cryptography, AI-backed sovereign navigation, and a cyber-physical firewall, achieving rapid threat detection (sub-10ms), containment (sub-50ms), and restoration (under 5 minutes). The framework exceeds international maritime standards (IMO, ISM, ISPS, MASS Code) and includes an IP structure to protect its technical designs. It emphasizes human safety, seafarer sovereignty, and transforming maritime systems into self-healing, resilient networks.
The paper examines maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) from the perspective of seafarers, focusing on operational, spatial, and labour impacts. Interviews with maritime professionals reveal tensions between automation and manual tasks, challenges in complex coastal areas, and mixed views on the future of maritime jobs. Findings suggest MASS will redefine rather than eliminate human labour, requiring regulatory, training, and infrastructure adjustments. The study advocates for a human-centric transition framework that accounts for spatial differences and occupational expertise.
The maritime economy accounts for 80–90% of global trade by volume, making it critical to worldwide commerce. Autonomous navigation technologies, including Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), are poised to transform vessel operations, port logistics, and supply chains. Advances in digitalization, AI, and autonomous systems are moving MASS from prototypes toward practical deployment. The paper examines economic drivers, technological progress, regulations, and future research in this evolving field.
This study uses the SHELL model (Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) to create a human-focused framework for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). It examines how humans interact with AI-driven systems, considering regulatory software, system hardware, environmental factors, and human roles. The framework aims to improve safety and reliability by addressing key challenges in human-machine integration. It provides a foundation for future research on complex MASS operations.
This study created a Smart Port Readiness Index (SPRI) to evaluate port preparedness for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines. The index measured six dimensions, including technology, cybersecurity, and regulations, using policy text mining and a simulation framework. Singapore ranked highest in readiness, while Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines showed low capacity for MASS operations. The findings suggest prioritizing investments in autonomous technologies and cybersecurity to improve port readiness.
This paper examines the legal challenges posed by autonomous ships under EU AI liability frameworks. It highlights the shift from strict liability in maritime conventions to a fault-based approach in the EU’s 2022 AI Liability Directive and 2024 AI Act, which aims to ease victims' evidentiary burdens. The authors argue that preserving the shipowner’s central role in liability rules, as in traditional maritime law, ensures fair risk distribution and effective compensation. The study contrasts EU developments with existing maritime conventions like CLC 1992 and Bunkers 2001.
20remio.ai2026-11-02
Singapore issued a warning on October 29, 2026, highlighting maritime security risks posed by AI and autonomous ships, while still supporting their adoption. Law Minister Edwin Tong, speaking at the UN Security Council, emphasized the need for accountability, transparency, and human oversight to counter threats like cyberattacks and unlawful vessel control. The statement aligns with Singapore’s push for autonomous shipping innovation but stresses safeguards under international law, including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The country is advancing autonomous feeder operations for container logistics, requiring proposals to address cybersecurity, redundancy, and regulatory compliance.
21Smart Maritime Network2026-11-02
Singapore highlighted security risks and opportunities posed by AI and autonomous ships in the maritime sector during a UN Security Council address. The country, alongside Fiji, Jamaica, and Malta, emphasized the need for international safeguards to balance technological advancements with safety and security. While supporting the IMO’s non-mandatory MASS Code, Singapore called for a mandatory framework to regulate autonomous vessels and prevent misuse, such as cyber-attacks or interference with shipping. The statement stressed the importance of accountability, transparency, and human oversight in AI systems to uphold maritime safety and international law.
Autonomous ships use algorithms, sensors, and AI for navigation, reducing human roles to remote supervision. This shift aims to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability in maritime transport. However, it requires strict regulations to protect lives, cargo, and vessels. The paper explores AI-driven navigation, course correction, and challenges in safety and legal frameworks.
23Splash2472026-11-02
The NTSB recommended new U.S. safety standards for uncrewed vessels after a 2024 collision in Lake Erie between a NOAA autonomous research craft and a recreational yacht. The low visibility and passive remote monitoring of the uncrewed vessel contributed to the incident, causing significant damage and minor injuries. Investigators found no existing industry-wide regulations for detectability, collision avoidance, or navigational safety of such vessels. The NTSB urged the U.S. Coast Guard to create a national regulatory framework to address these gaps.
24ExecutiveGov2026-07-01
TRANSCOM has expressed interest in developing dual-use maritime autonomous surface ships. These vessels would serve both military and commercial purposes. The initiative aims to enhance operational capabilities and efficiency in maritime operations. No specific contracts or timelines were mentioned in the announcement.
The study analyzes compliance with international collision prevention regulations, focusing on lights and signs, as autonomous shipping emerges. It highlights gaps in applying existing rules—designed for human-operated vessels—to autonomous ships, which rely on automated systems. The paper argues that autonomous vessels must meet equivalent safety standards and proposes legal and technical improvements to address enforcement challenges. Recommendations include adopting new technologies to ensure proper signaling on autonomous ships.
The paper examines legal challenges arising from collisions involving autonomous vessels, or Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), as their use grows alongside manned ships. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has defined MASS and categorized their autonomy levels, but liability rules for collisions remain unclear. The study analyzes potential liability issues and proposes recommendations to establish a legal framework for such incidents. Current regulations only address collisions between manned vessels, leaving gaps for autonomous vessel scenarios.
This study used a three-round Delphi method with 20 maritime experts to identify essential onboard functions for crewed ships under hybrid autonomous operations with Remote Operation Center (ROC) supervision. Four key function groups were validated: Management, Operation and Control, Maintenance and Recovery, and Automation/ICT/Network, all meeting importance and stability criteria. "Operation and Control" ranked highest in expert agreement, emphasizing the need for onboard decision-making, manual control, and technical recovery. The findings provide a basis for manning, training, and regulatory frameworks for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS).
This study explores how AI, blockchain, and IoT can improve efficiency and sustainability in China’s maritime sector and blue economy. It highlights challenges in governance, including cross-border data transfer and autonomous shipping, while stressing the need for updated laws. The paper provides policy recommendations for international cooperation and legal frameworks to support technological advancements. It also contributes to discussions on marine energy, environmental protection, and offshore industry regulations.
The paper explores conflicts between the **LLMC** (Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) and **EU Directive 2024/2853**, which extends product liability to software in autonomous ships. Directive 2024/2853 imposes strict liability for defective products and prohibits limitation in such cases, potentially overriding the LLMC’s liability caps. Shipowners may be classified as "economic operators" under the Directive, exposing them to unlimited liability for navigation system failures. The analysis concludes that EU law’s primacy may restrict the LLMC’s application in product defect claims, reshaping maritime liability for autonomous vessels.
The paper examines regulatory challenges posed by Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) at the international level. Key issues include adapting MASS to the law of the sea, particularly regarding passage rights and flag state responsibilities. Technical regulation is progressing through the draft MASS Code, though gaps remain in areas like collision avoidance (COLREGs) and watchkeeping. The shift from human-operated to autonomous vessels also raises unresolved questions about civil liability for damages.
31Ship & Bunker2026-04-03
ClassNK has granted approval for an autonomous navigation system designed for a container ship. The approval marks a step forward in the integration of autonomous technology in maritime operations. The system's specifics and the vessel involved were not detailed in the provided text.
32sweetcrudereports.com2026-10-20Vanguard News
Maritime experts warn Nigerian authorities to prepare proactively for the International Maritime Organisation’s 2032 autonomous shipping deadline. They caution against a last-minute, reactive "fire brigade approach" to compliance. The call emphasizes the need for early planning to address regulatory, technical, and operational challenges. Failure to act now could risk Nigeria’s competitiveness in global shipping.
This paper examines updates needed for the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) due to advancements like larger and faster ships, new navigation technologies, and autonomous vessels. It proposes methods to interpret COLREGS, including defining danger zones and determining timely actions for ships. The authors critique existing rules, suggest amendments, and emphasize classifying vessel approach situations. The study also addresses incorporating regulations for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) into COLREGS.
34slguardian.org2026-05-23
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved global regulations enabling the use of autonomous ships in maritime trade. This decision marks a significant shift in the industry, allowing unmanned vessels to operate internationally. The new framework aims to modernize shipping while addressing safety and environmental concerns. Implementation will begin in phases starting in 2027.
35Marine Insight2026-05-22
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the first global framework for autonomous ships in May 2026. This code establishes safety, security, and environmental standards for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). It applies to vessels operating internationally and aims to ensure consistent regulations across member states. The adoption marks a significant step in integrating autonomous technology into global shipping.
This systematic review examines cybersecurity risks in digitalised and autonomous maritime systems, analyzing 52 studies from 2018–2025. It identifies three key themes: risk assessment frameworks, vulnerabilities in cyber-physical systems, and challenges in human factors, regulations, and validation. The findings highlight the use of hybrid risk models and AI-driven approaches but note gaps in real-world testing, regulatory alignment, and human-centric solutions. The study calls for standardized, empirically validated cybersecurity frameworks and improved maritime-specific training.
37The Business Times2026-04-22
Singapore is seeking proposals for autonomous shipping projects and has launched a competition for maritime startups. The initiative aims to advance innovation in the maritime sector. The competition encourages startups to develop solutions for autonomous vessels and related technologies. This effort supports Singapore’s goal to strengthen its position as a global maritime hub.
38Businesskorea2026-10-29
South Korea aims to lead in autonomous ship technology by 2030. The government plans to invest heavily in research and development, focusing on AI and smart navigation systems. Key initiatives include testing unmanned vessels and establishing regulatory frameworks. The goal is to enhance maritime safety and efficiency while securing a competitive edge in the global shipping industry.
39Transport Online2026-10-12
Lloyd’s Register and Sagar Defence are collaborating to speed up the certification process for autonomous ships. The partnership aims to establish standards and frameworks for approving unmanned vessel technologies. Their goal is to accelerate the adoption of autonomous shipping by ensuring compliance with safety and regulatory requirements. The initiative was announced on October 12, 2026.
40Hellenic Shipping News2026-10-07
The IMO’s Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Code, adopted in 2026 as a non-mandatory framework, sets goal-based safety and performance standards for autonomous vessels, with a mandatory version planned for 2032. Translating its broad requirements—such as defining an Operational Design Domain (ODD) and fallback protocols—into practical engineering solutions remains a key challenge, particularly for complex operations like harbor tugs. Industry, regulators, and engineers must collaborate to establish traceable, vendor-neutral interpretations of the Code to avoid fragmentation. The IMarEST’s MASS Special Interest Group aims to facilitate this by fostering shared frameworks and operational confidence before the Code becomes mandatory.
41Phys.org2026-08-21
Autonomous ship operators' liability in oil spill incidents is still legally uncertain as of 2026. Current regulations do not clearly define who is responsible—whether the shipowner, software developer, or manufacturer. This lack of clarity complicates compensation claims and legal accountability. The issue remains unresolved despite advancements in maritime autonomy.
42Lloyd's Register2026-06-02
SK Shipping and HD Hyundai are collaborating with Lloyd’s Register (LR) to develop next-generation autonomous ship designs. The partnership aims to advance maritime autonomy through joint research and innovation. The initiative focuses on creating safer, more efficient autonomous shipping solutions. No specific technical details or outcomes were disclosed in the announcement.
The paper explores legal and security challenges posed by Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) under the UK’s Aviation and Maritime Security Act (AMSA) 1990. It highlights that current frameworks, designed for physical threats, fail to address risks like cyberattacks and remote commandeering unique to autonomous vessels. The author proposes adapting AMSA to include a graded system for unauthorized interference, categorizing incidents by severity. This approach aims to strengthen maritime security and establish the UK as a leader in regulating autonomous shipping.
This paper analyzes the EU’s role in advancing autonomous vessels (MASS) for short-sea shipping, emphasizing its funding of research and integration into supply chains. It examines the EU’s regulatory authority in maritime transport and the ongoing IMO legislative process for MASS. The study compares European regulatory approaches and assesses their impact on Norway. The author recommends the EU adopt a balanced legislative strategy, aligning with international standards while ensuring legal clarity in its waters.
45IndexBox2026-04-08
Japan’s autonomous ship system, Genbu, and South Korea’s HiNAS have received key regulatory approvals in 2026. These approvals mark significant progress in the development and deployment of autonomous maritime technology. Both systems are advancing toward operational use in commercial shipping. The article highlights recent milestones and related statistics in autonomous ship adoption.
46Container News2026-04-03
ClassNK has awarded the world’s first autonomous ship notation to the container ship *Genbu*. This certification recognizes the vessel’s advanced autonomous navigation capabilities. The notation signifies compliance with ClassNK’s guidelines for autonomous ships. *Genbu* is operated by NYK Line.
47shipmanagementinternational.com2026-04-02
Orca AI has been granted ClassNK Technology Qualification for its autonomous ship perception capabilities. This qualification recognizes Orca AI's technology for enhancing safety in autonomous maritime navigation. The approval highlights the system's ability to detect and avoid obstacles effectively.
The paper explores the impact of Autonomous Maritime Vehicles in Law Enforcement (AMVLEs) on maritime security and legal frameworks in the South China Sea. It argues that while AMVLEs do not create new tensions, they may worsen existing ones by complicating identification, navigational rights, and lawful responses during encounters. The authors conclude that adapting existing UNCLOS rules—through consistent application, clear state responsibility, and regional cooperation—can address these challenges without requiring a new legal regime. Operational restraint and confidence-building measures are recommended to reduce risks and maintain UNCLOS as the regional legal foundation.
49Manifold Times2026-10-31
The IMO's MASS Code establishes a regulatory framework to support the broader adoption of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). Published by DNV, the code aims to standardize safety and operational guidelines for autonomous vessels. It addresses key challenges in integrating autonomy into global maritime operations. The framework is expected to facilitate industry-wide implementation.
50인공지능신문2026-10-28
The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries unveiled five key strategies to transform marine and fisheries industries using AI, targeting the top global market share in autonomous ships by 2026. The initiative aims to modernize the sector through AI-driven advancements. No specific technical methods or outcomes were detailed in the announcement. The focus is on leadership in autonomous vessel adoption.
51제이앤엠뉴스2026-10-28
The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries plans to achieve global leadership in fully autonomous ships by 2035. It is driving an AI transformation across all marine and fisheries sectors. The initiative aims to modernize and enhance efficiency in these industries. No specific methods or interim results are detailed in the announcement.
52Riviera Maritime Media2026-10-16
Automation in ships does not equate to full autonomy, as policy and insurance frameworks remain underdeveloped. Current regulations and risk assessments struggle to address the complexities of uncrewed or highly automated vessels. Legal accountability and liability gaps persist, complicating adoption. The article argues that true autonomous shipping requires clearer governance and updated insurance models.
The paper examines how autonomous motor cargo vessels (aMCVs) will transform inland waterway transport, necessitating updates to outdated port charging models. Current pricing systems may unfairly disadvantage aMCVs despite their efficiency, as they rely on assumptions misaligned with autonomous operations. The study analyzes technological, economic, and regulatory factors, highlighting the need for resource-based pricing models to incentivize efficiency, sustainability, and safety. Digital platforms and actual infrastructure use are identified as key elements for future port charge calculations.
The paper explores the emerging compound maritime legal ecosystem resulting from the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) Code, which governs both traditional and autonomous vessels. It highlights tensions between existing legal rules and AI governance, as well as challenges in establishing theoretical foundations for complex legal systems. The authors discuss the need for interconnected regulations to manage multi-level intelligent ships. The work focuses on integrating "Legal AI" and "AI Law" within this evolving framework.
This paper provides a supporting dataset for liability governance in AI-powered Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). It includes legal and regulatory materials, a comparative liability analysis, and a Hybrid Multi-Layer Liability Governance Framework. The dataset underpins research on structuring accountability for MASS operations. Published in 2026, the work is authored by P. Saleem Akram.
56gCaptain2026-06-01
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the MASS Code, establishing the first global regulatory framework for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). This move transitions autonomous ship technology from theoretical development to a regulated operational reality. The code sets standards for safety, security, and environmental compliance. It applies to vessels with varying degrees of autonomy, marking a significant step in maritime innovation.
The paper examines how next-generation autonomous vessels may affect the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) decarbonization goals. It analyzes environmental challenges and potential benefits of autonomous ships in reducing climate impact. The study highlights the need for IMO’s decarbonization strategies to align with technical evaluations and feasibility assessments. Adoption of environmental regulations for these vessels must be grounded in validated research.
The paper by Steven Dauer (2026) addresses certification gaps for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), as current regulations assume human crews. It proposes an Operational Design Domain (ODD) framework to define safe operating limits—such as environmental conditions, sensor reliability, and traffic scenarios—for autonomous vessels in open ocean settings. The framework includes cascade triggers for degraded conditions and a Mandatory Scenario Coverage Matrix to ensure thorough testing. It aligns with Flag State oversight and Classification Society guidelines, offering a structured approach for integrating autonomy into maritime systems.
This paper analyzes the legal challenges of regulating liability for maritime carriers using autonomous vessels under UAE legislation. It focuses on defining the roles and responsibilities of the Shore-Based Controller (SBC), voyage programmers, and software providers, as well as addressing liability in cases of cyberattacks. The study recommends updates to international conventions and UAE Maritime Law (UAEML) to clarify liability for third-party actions and cyber threats. It also highlights gaps in UAEML regarding unseaworthiness caused by faults in software or hardware systems.
60NATO Association2026-10-17
The NATO Association discusses the growing role of autonomous systems in maritime security, highlighting their potential to enhance NATO’s operational capabilities. The article emphasizes the need for NATO to adapt to technological advancements in unmanned vessels, drones, and AI-driven surveillance. It explores challenges such as regulation, ethical concerns, and integration with existing naval forces. The focus is on preparing NATO for future threats in an evolving maritime environment.
61Lloyd's Register2026-10-12
Sagar Defence and Lloyd’s Register (LR) partnered to accelerate the certification of autonomous maritime systems. The collaboration aims to establish standards and frameworks for safe and reliable autonomous vessel operations. Their joint efforts focus on advancing regulatory approval processes for these technologies. The initiative supports the broader adoption of autonomous solutions in the maritime industry.
62openalex2026-10-06Kristin Kerem, Deniece Melissa Aiken, Kristīne Carjova, Ulla Pirita Tapaninen +1 moreDOI ↗ (opens in a new tab) This study explores risk-based regulatory measures for testing autonomous ships in the Gulf of Finland, advocating for a proactive approach instead of reactive accident-driven policies. Using documentary analysis, interviews, and legal research, it assesses how risk-based frameworks balance innovation with safety in maritime technology. The research highlights the importance of stakeholder collaboration, particularly joint risk assessments, to develop standards without stifling progress. Findings suggest that shared knowledge between corporate and governance bodies supports effective regulatory integration.
63Smart Maritime Network2026-09-16
HD Hyundai Samho, Avikus, and ClassNK signed an agreement to collaborate on designing autonomous navigation systems for ships. The partnership aims to develop and certify advanced technologies for unmanned vessel operations. The project will focus on integrating AI-driven navigation solutions into commercial shipping. ClassNK will provide regulatory and safety certification for the designs.
64Baird Maritime2026-05-26
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has finalized a new safety code for autonomous ships. This code establishes guidelines to ensure the safe operation of vessels with varying levels of automation. It addresses risks and regulatory requirements for maritime autonomy. The framework is expected to support the growing adoption of autonomous shipping technologies.
The paper analyzes legal challenges posed by maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) to international maritime law, including UNCLOS, SOLAS, COLREGs, and STCW, which were not designed for autonomous vessels. It identifies gaps in the current legal framework and evaluates Vietnam’s existing regulations. The authors recommend a multi-tiered approach: creating regulatory sandboxes, updating domestic maritime laws, and engaging in international norm development for MASS. The study aims to improve Vietnam’s legal readiness for autonomous shipping.
66Splash2472026-10-28
South Korea plans to develop fully autonomous ships by 2032 as part of a broad AI strategy. The initiative aims to integrate artificial intelligence into maritime operations. The government is driving this effort to enhance efficiency and competitiveness in the shipping industry. No specific technical details or implementation steps were provided in the announcement.
67WorkBoat2026-10-27
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is urging the establishment of safety standards for uncrewed vessels following a collision in Lake Erie. The incident prompted concerns about the lack of regulations governing autonomous or remotely operated ships. The NTSB emphasized the need for guidelines to prevent future accidents involving such vessels. No specific details about the collision or proposed standards were provided in the report.
68Apa.az2026-06-19
Azerbaijan plans to create a legal framework to regulate the operation of autonomous ships. The initiative aims to support the development and safe use of unmanned maritime vessels. No specific timeline or details on the framework’s scope were provided in the announcement. The move reflects efforts to modernize maritime regulations.
69Digital Ship2026-05-19
Saronic and Lloyd’s Register have partnered to ensure autonomous vessel technology complies with commercial maritime regulations. The collaboration aims to bridge the gap between innovation and regulatory standards. This alignment will support the safe and legal deployment of uncrewed ships. The initiative reflects growing industry efforts to integrate autonomy within existing frameworks.
The paper compares Japan and Korea’s regulatory approaches to maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS), focusing on human oversight and accountability. Japan uses evolving guidelines, like the 2025 MASS Safety Standards, to define roles for crews and remote operators in supervising autonomous systems. Korea’s 2023 MASS Act establishes a regulatory sandbox with exemptions for trials, requiring insurance and operational approvals. Both countries align with the IMO’s cautious, human-in-the-loop direction, emphasizing collaboration for safe global deployment.
The paper examines legal, regulatory, and insurance challenges tied to autonomous shipping, emphasizing the need for supportive frameworks. Key terms like "autonomous," "ship," and "cyber risk" are criticized for imprecision, complicating policy and coverage. Existing marine insurance, such as ITCH83 and P&I Club rules, may cover some cyber risks if losses are classified as marine, but gaps could require additional cyber-specific policies. Insurers are expected to demand strict cybersecurity practices as a condition for coverage.
72Chosunbiz2026-04-07
Avikus received approval from DNV, a leading classification society, to accelerate the global deployment of its autonomous ship technology. This certification supports the company’s efforts to expand its self-navigating systems in the maritime industry. The approval is expected to facilitate faster adoption and regulatory acceptance of autonomous vessels worldwide. The development marks a significant step in advancing automated shipping solutions.
73搜狐网2026-11-04
The Ouka Smart Ship received China's first type approval certificate from the China Classification Society (CCS) for its "Unmanned Boat Perception and Autonomous Navigation System." This certification marks a milestone in China's maritime industry for unmanned vessel technology. The system enables autonomous navigation and environmental perception for unmanned boats. The achievement highlights progress in smart shipping development.
74해사신문2026-11-03
South Korea is leading the development of international standards for the "eyes" of autonomous ships, challenging the dominance of Europe and Japan in this field. The country is actively shaping global guidelines for autonomous vessel technologies. This effort positions South Korea as a key player in maritime innovation. The initiative aims to establish new benchmarks for safety and efficiency in autonomous shipping.
75파이낸셜뉴스2026-11-02연합뉴스
Korea Maritime and Ocean University is leading the development of standardization for autonomous vessel situational awareness systems. The initiative aims to establish consistent guidelines for these systems. The project is expected to enhance safety and efficiency in autonomous maritime operations. No specific technical details or outcomes were provided in the report.
76신아일보2026-11-02
Korea Maritime and Ocean University is leading the development of international standards for key autonomous vessel technologies. The university is spearheading efforts to establish global guidelines in this field. This initiative aims to standardize core technologies for autonomous ships. The project highlights the institution's role in advancing maritime innovation.
77한국대학신문2026-11-02
Korea Maritime and Ocean University is leading the development of international standards for camera-based situational awareness in autonomous vessels. The university is spearheading efforts to establish global guidelines for this technology. This initiative aims to improve safety and navigation for unmanned ships. The work is expected to influence future maritime regulations.
78부산일보2026-11-02
Korea Maritime and Ocean University is leading the development of international standards for camera-based situational awareness systems in autonomous vessels. The initiative aims to establish unified guidelines for these systems. This effort positions the university as a key contributor to global maritime technology standards. The project reflects advancements in autonomous shipping safety and regulation.
79PortNews IAA2026-10-28
South Korea will invest $346 million by 2032 to develop fully autonomous (Level 4) ships, aiming to lead global orders for the technology by 2035. The project, led by two ministries, includes unmanned navigation, automated systems, and testing in domestic and international waters. It builds on a prior $120 million program (2020–2025) that achieved Level 3 autonomy. The initiative is part of a broader maritime AI strategy to boost productivity, safety, and environmental management.
80Smart Maritime Network2026-10-28
South Korea plans to achieve fully autonomous shipping by 2032. The initiative aims to integrate advanced technologies into maritime operations. The government and industry stakeholders are collaborating on this long-term project. The goal includes enhancing safety, efficiency, and competitiveness in the shipping sector.
81뉴시스2026-10-28
South Korea’s Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries plans to develop fully unmanned autonomous ships by 2032. The initiative aims to advance maritime technology and improve shipping efficiency. No specific technical details or intermediate milestones were provided in the announcement. The project reflects broader efforts to modernize the country’s maritime industry.
82센트럴경제2026-10-27
South Korea and Norway discussed trade cooperation on mackerel, joint efforts to eradicate illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and collaboration on autonomous ship technology. The meeting focused on strengthening bilateral ties in fisheries and maritime sectors. Both countries explored ways to enhance sustainable practices and technological advancements in shipping. No formal agreements were mentioned in the discussion.
83enterpriseam2026-10-25
Saudi Arabia aims to launch self-navigating ships in its waters by the end of 2027, following trials since 2025, while also developing local ship-component manufacturing. The International Maritime Organization’s voluntary autonomous shipping code took effect in 2026, but mandatory rules won’t apply until 2032. Bahri signed a $453 million contract with IMI to build three crude carriers, with deliveries between 2029 and 2030, as part of a broader 10-year vessel construction agreement. Almarai plans to expand into red meat and seafood production, investing SAR 4 billion to grow revenue from SAR 24 billion to SAR 36 billion over five years.
84gCaptain2026-10-21
The U.S. Navy is advancing unmanned surface vessels (USVs) from testing to operational use, with recent deployments in the Persian Gulf and alongside the USS Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group. Successful missions include rescuing downed Army aviators and supporting mine clearance, demonstrating USVs' role in real-world operations. Senior leaders, including the Secretary of War and Navy officials, are prioritizing integration into fleet operations, emphasizing organizational and training reforms. The Navy must now develop clear concepts of operations (CONOPS) to define missions, ownership, and sustainment while continuing experimentation without treating it as a standalone strategy.
85경남도민일보2026-10-20
A proposal is being considered to establish autonomous ship operation zones along the coast of Geoje, South Korea. The initiative aims to test and implement self-navigating vessels in designated areas. Local authorities and maritime experts are evaluating the feasibility and safety of such zones. The plan could advance smart shipping technologies in the region.
86미디어인뉴스2026-10-20
South Gyeongsang Province plans to designate zones for autonomous ship operations, replacing human navigators with AI. The initiative aims to advance maritime technology by allowing AI-controlled vessels to navigate these areas. No specific timeline or technical details were provided in the announcement. The province is leading efforts to modernize shipping through automation.
87세종충청뉴스2026-10-19
The article reports a push to expand demonstrations of autonomous ships and designate specific operating zones for them. Authorities are advancing efforts to test and validate self-navigating vessels. The initiative aims to support the development and regulatory framework for autonomous maritime operations. No specific locations or timelines for the designated zones are mentioned.
88경남도민뉴스2026-10-19
South Korea’s Gyeongnam Province will seek official designation of zones for testing autonomous ships. The move aims to accelerate development of self-navigating vessels. Provincial authorities are leading the push to establish regulated areas for trials. No specific locations or timelines were provided in the announcement.
89연합뉴스2026-10-19
South Gyeongsang Province is working to designate coastal areas near Geoje as operational zones for autonomous vessels. The initiative aims to support the testing and deployment of self-navigating ships in the region. No specific timeline or regulatory details were provided in the announcement. The push reflects efforts to advance maritime automation technology.
90한국해운신문2026-09-22
The article discusses the need to improve International Maritime Organization (IMO) definitions and application standards for autonomous ships. Written by experts in the Korean maritime industry, it highlights current gaps in regulations. The piece emphasizes the importance of clearer guidelines to ensure safe and consistent implementation. It was published in *Korean Maritime News* on September 22, 2026.
91India Shipping News2026-09-19
HD Hyundai Samho, Avikus, and ClassNK signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on September 19, 2026, to collaborate on design verification for an autonomous navigation system. The partnership aims to advance the development and validation of autonomous shipping technologies. The agreement focuses on ensuring compliance with industry standards and regulatory requirements. The initiative reflects efforts to enhance maritime automation and safety.
92헤럴드경제2026-07-28
Busan will hold a briefing on regulatory exemptions for autonomous vessels and plans for navigation zones in the second half of the year. The event aims to discuss policies supporting the operation of self-navigating ships. Officials will outline exemptions to existing maritime regulations and proposed zones for testing and deployment. The briefing reflects efforts to advance autonomous shipping technology.
93International Maritime Organization2026-07-14
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) discusses developments in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). The focus is on regulatory frameworks and safety standards for autonomous shipping. Progress includes ongoing trials and collaboration among member states. The IMO aims to integrate MASS into global maritime operations by 2030.
94Marine Link2026-05-24
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the first global code for autonomous ships during its 111th Maritime Safety Committee session (May 13–22, 2026). The binding rules aim to regulate the operation of autonomous vessels. The committee also introduced advanced guidelines for ships using alternative fuels. These measures mark a step toward standardized safety and sustainability in maritime transport.
95Smart Maritime Network2026-05-22
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted an international safety code for autonomous ships in May 2026. This new regulation establishes global standards to ensure the safe operation of ships with varying levels of automation. The code addresses risks and requirements for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). It aims to provide a consistent framework for countries implementing autonomous shipping technologies.
96International Maritime Organization2026-05-21Port Technology
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the first global Code for autonomous ships on May 21, 2026. This regulatory framework aims to standardize the operation and safety of autonomous vessels worldwide. The code establishes guidelines for testing, certification, and deployment of maritime autonomy. It marks a significant step in integrating autonomous technology into global shipping.
97Smart Maritime Network2026-05-19
Saronic Technologies and Lloyd’s Register (LR) are collaborating to develop autonomous vessels. The partnership aims to advance the design, construction, and operation of uncrewed ships. Their focus includes integrating safety and regulatory compliance into autonomous maritime technology. The initiative reflects growing industry efforts to modernize shipping through automation.
The paper explores legal challenges posed by autonomous fishing vessels (AFVs) under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It highlights gaps in the LOSC framework, including issues of vessel classification, jurisdiction, safety, and environmental protection due to its human-centric assumptions. The study argues that AFVs require legal adaptations to address ambiguities in coastal and flag State responsibilities. Such changes are needed to ensure regulatory clarity and sustainable fisheries management.
99comparethecloud.net2026-10-05
Britain should prioritize autonomous technology investments in harbor operations over ocean crossings, focusing on defined transport tasks like container transfers between terminals. Singapore’s autonomous feeder vessel program serves as a model, emphasizing reliability, safety, and integration with existing workflows rather than immediate cost savings. British suppliers could contribute by addressing specific challenges such as degraded visibility, cybersecurity, or terminal integration, but must clarify responsibilities and boundaries in contracts. Regulatory approval in the UK depends on vessel size, operating area, and use, requiring early engagement with the Maritime and Coastguard Agency to establish a clear pathway.
The paper examines the evolving role of ship masters with the rise of remotely operated and autonomous vessels (MASS). Traditional authority of masters has already diminished due to improved communication technology and increased ship owner control. It questions whether appointing a master for MASS is legally necessary or the best solution. The author suggests exploring alternative approaches to address legal and operational challenges.
101The Maritime Executive2026-04-07
Japan and South Korea are progressing in autonomous navigation technology for maritime applications. Both countries are developing systems to enhance ship safety and operational efficiency. The advancements aim to reduce human error and improve navigation in challenging conditions. Collaborative efforts and regulatory frameworks are being established to support these innovations.
102Smart Maritime Network2026-04-07
Avikus received approval from DNV for its autonomous navigation technology. The certification validates the system's compliance with maritime safety and performance standards. This approval marks a step toward broader adoption of autonomous shipping solutions. The technology aims to enhance navigation efficiency and reduce human error in maritime operations.
103openalex2026-10-29Shaffiyah Cantika Kamia, Suharyono Soemarwoto Hadiningrat, Jones Zenas Rante, Rudianto Rudianto +1 moreDOI ↗ (opens in a new tab) This study explores the adoption of Unmanned Lighthouse Systems in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, highlighting benefits like a projected 40% cost reduction, improved safety, and compliance with IMO and IALA standards. Challenges include environmental constraints, regulatory gaps, digital skill shortages, unreliable power and telecoms, and cybersecurity risks. Researchers used interviews, observations, and document analysis to develop a three-phase implementation roadmap. The findings offer a socio-technical framework for modernizing maritime navigation in developing nations.
104TradeWinds News2026-10-28
US investigators warn that autonomous vessels require improved lookout systems to prevent collisions and ensure safety. The alert highlights concerns over current technology's ability to detect and respond to hazards as effectively as human crews. Regulatory and industry efforts are needed to address these risks in unmanned shipping. The issue was raised following recent incidents involving autonomous ships.
105EnterpriseAM2026-10-26
Saudi Arabia plans to introduce autonomous ships in its waters before global regulations are finalized. The initiative aims to advance maritime technology ahead of international standards. This move could position the country as a leader in autonomous shipping. No binding global rules for such vessels currently exist.
106Splash2472026-10-21
South Korea plans to create a permanent test zone for autonomous shipping. The initiative aims to support the development and testing of unmanned vessel technologies. This move is part of broader efforts to advance maritime innovation. No specific timeline or location details were provided in the report.
107rivieramm.com2026-09-14
DNV will provide classification services to support Fassmer’s development of naval autonomous vessels. The collaboration aims to advance the design and safety standards for uncrewed ships in naval applications. Fassmer, a German shipbuilder, is focusing on integrating autonomous technologies into its naval projects. The partnership will ensure compliance with regulatory and operational requirements.
108WPRI.com2026-08-27Yahoo
Rhode Island has become the home of the first U.S. Coast Guard-approved autonomous vessel. The approval marks a milestone in maritime technology and regulation. This development allows the vessel to operate without a crew under Coast Guard oversight. The initiative reflects advancements in autonomous shipping within the United States.
109pasionporelmar.com2026-07-02
The MASS Code, a regulatory framework for autonomous ships, officially took effect on July 2, 2026. It provides a structured roadmap for the development, operation, and compliance of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). The code aims to ensure safety, security, and environmental standards in the adoption of autonomous shipping technologies. Its implementation marks a key step in modernizing maritime regulations.
110Puente de Mando2026-06-01
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the **MASS Code**, a regulatory framework for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). This code establishes safety, security, and environmental standards for autonomous vessels. It applies to ships of all sizes and levels of autonomy, effective from January 2028. The adoption marks a key step in integrating autonomous technology into global maritime operations.
111IndexBox2026-05-23
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) approved the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Code during the 111th session of the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) in London. This decision establishes mandatory regulations for the operation of autonomous ships. The code aims to ensure safety, security, and environmental protection in maritime autonomous shipping. The approval marks a significant step in integrating autonomous vessels into global maritime operations.
112Shipping Telegraph2026-05-22
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the first global code for autonomous surface ships on May 22, 2026. This code establishes international standards for the design, construction, and operation of ships with varying levels of autonomy. It aims to ensure safety, security, and environmental protection in maritime operations. The framework addresses regulatory and technical challenges posed by autonomous shipping technologies.
113rivieramm.com2026-05-22
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted new regulations in May 2026 to govern large, ocean-going autonomous ships. These rules establish a framework for the operation, safety, and legal compliance of uncrewed vessels. The adoption marks a significant step in integrating autonomous technology into global maritime trade. The regulations aim to ensure consistency and accountability in the use of such ships.
114Motorship2026-05-22
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) approved a new code for autonomous shipping in May 2026. This code establishes guidelines for the operation of ships with varying levels of automation. It aims to ensure safety, security, and environmental protection in maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). The approval marks a significant step toward regulating uncrewed and remotely controlled vessels.
115Tradewinds News2026-05-21
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted new regulations enabling the operation of autonomous ships. These rules establish safety, security, and environmental standards for vessels controlled remotely or operating with minimal human oversight. The framework aims to facilitate the gradual integration of autonomous technology in global shipping. Implementation is expected to begin in 2027.
The IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), Facilitation Committee (FAL), and Legal Committee (LEG) conducted regulatory scoping exercises (RSEs) to evaluate existing conventions for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). A joint working group was formed in 2022 to address cross-cutting issues and propose amendments or new conventions. The MSC plans a non-mandatory safety code for MASS by 2026, followed by a mandatory code with SOLAS amendments by 2032. The Legal Committee will use non-binding guidelines to adapt relevant international instruments for MASS.
The paper by Melis Özdel (2026) examines the role of the CMI International Working Group on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in developing legal frameworks for autonomous vessels. It highlights the group’s growing influence in addressing challenges like liability, governance, and regulatory adaptation for remote-controlled and autonomous ships. The chapter critically discusses debates, including whether a strict liability regime should apply to MASS. It combines scholarly and practical insights to contribute to discussions on international maritime law evolution.
118Asian Military Review2026-04-17
Australia established a dedicated maritime autonomous unit as part of its push toward unmanned systems. The move reflects the country’s focus on integrating autonomous technologies into naval operations. The unit aims to enhance capabilities in surveillance, reconnaissance, and other maritime missions. No specific details on size, structure, or timeline were provided.
119아시아경제2026-04-07
HD Hyundai Avikus received the world’s first type approval for a universal autonomous navigation system on April 7, 2026. The certification, granted by a classification society, validates the system’s compliance with international maritime safety standards. This approval allows the technology to be installed on various vessel types without additional testing. The system aims to enhance autonomous shipping operations globally.
120Revue économique de France2026-10-31
The French Navy plans to place its first orders for naval drones by mid-2027. The priority for these drones will be integrating the DGA’s Smoker munition. This initiative aims to enhance the navy’s unmanned capabilities. The timeline reflects ongoing efforts to modernize naval operations.
121Porttechnology.org2026-10-14
The IMO has introduced legislation to regulate the safety and security of increasingly automated shipping technology. The article discusses the transition from theoretical Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) codes to practical maritime applications. Challenges remain in implementing these regulations effectively. The focus is on bridging the gap between policy and real-world maritime operations.
122maritimes.gr2026-09-28
The MASS Code will become a mandatory requirement in the international shipping industry. The regulation aims to standardize maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) operations. Its implementation is expected to enhance safety and regulatory compliance. The exact timeline for enforcement has not been specified in the text.
123Shipping Telegraph2026-07-16
P&I Clubs have established a new insurance framework for autonomous vessels. The initiative aims to address risks and liabilities associated with uncrewed ships. This development marks a significant step in supporting the maritime industry's shift toward automation. The pathway provides coverage tailored to the unique challenges of autonomous operations.
Researchers at RWTH Aachen University are developing a structured safety concept for integrating autonomous machinery in surface mining, addressing the lack of standardization in mixed-traffic operations. A key component is an integrated safety control system relying on perception sensors, though their performance under harsh mining conditions remains poorly understood. To study this, a long-term test stand was built at a quartz sand open-pit mine to evaluate sensor reliability across varying environmental influences. The work aims to improve safety and efficiency in autonomous mining operations.
This paper examines how current and future regulations impact AI systems and product liability, specifically in the maritime sector. It compares existing transportation norms, particularly from the road sector, with maritime laws, focusing on AI integration. The analysis covers contractual and non-contractual liability rules under European legislation for defective AI products. The authors highlight the need for tailored AI regulations in maritime to address safety and liability, especially for autonomous ships.
126newsgd2026-11-06
Zhang Yunfei, founder of Yunzhou Intelligence Technology, pioneered China’s unmanned surface vessel (USV) sector by developing its first high-speed maritime USV in Zhuhai. His team, based at Xiangshan Marine Scientific & Technological Port and using the Wanshan Islands for testing, addressed complex maritime intelligence challenges to create functional USVs. These systems can replace large traditional vessels and have contributed to drafting national and international USV standards. The work positions China as a leader in unmanned maritime technology.
This paper explores how climate change, biodiversity loss, deep-seabed activities, and geopolitical competition are reshaping the international law of the sea, focusing on UNCLOS’s adaptability. It highlights the Niger Delta as a case study where maritime law intersects with pollution, fisheries, and security challenges. The study argues that UNCLOS remains central but requires updated interpretations, new treaties, and stronger domestic enforcement. Recent agreements like the BBNJ and IMO’s MASS Code show the legal framework evolving rather than being replaced.
128Smart Maritime Network2026-09-23
Saildrone has registered four Voyager unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) under the Danish flag, marking the first national flag-state framework for its uncrewed vessels. The Danish Maritime Authority (DMA) collaborated with Saildrone to develop regulations for USV operations, enabling long-duration missions like maritime monitoring and surveying. Denmark’s certification highlights its role in advancing maritime technology through initiatives like the DMA Regulatory Future Lab. Saildrone plans to expand its Danish-flagged fleet, including additional USV models, to support European operations.
The paper examines security vulnerabilities in the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), highlighting risks like unauthorized access, false distress alerts, and manipulated safety information due to weak authentication and validation. It argues that these issues stem from systemic gaps in governance, procedures, and security integration rather than technical failures alone. The study calls for a holistic approach, combining technological, procedural, human, and regulatory measures to strengthen GMDSS security. Findings emphasize the need for coordinated strategies to address interconnected vulnerabilities in voice and data communication without undermining maritime safety.
130The Waterways Journal2026-11-06
The NTSB issued six recommendations on October 27, 2026, urging stronger safety standards for uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) after investigating a 2024 collision on Lake Erie between a NOAA-operated USV and a recreational vessel. The incident caused significant damage ($186,000 to the USV, $100,000 to the recreational vessel) and one minor injury, with the NTSB citing poor visibility and lack of electronic detection as key factors. The NTSB called on the U.S. Coast Guard to establish national standards for USV perceptibility, collision avoidance, and navigational safety, while also recommending design changes and stricter operational monitoring by manufacturers and agencies like NOAA. Currently, no industrywide standards exist for USVs in U.S. waters.
131note2026-11-04
Underwater drones face communication challenges due to seawater's attenuation of radio waves, making high-speed wireless communication difficult. Acoustic communication, using sound, is better for long distances but has latency and limited data capacity, while optical communication excels in short-range, high-data transfers but is affected by water clarity. Common standards like NATO’s JANUS aim to improve interoperability, but coordination requires aligning signal rules, data interpretation, and operational authority. Effective underwater operations depend on combining communication methods, edge processing, and clear protocols for autonomy and reconnection.
132Boating Industry2026-10-30
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has urged the implementation of stronger safety standards for uncrewed surface vessels (USVs). This call follows investigations into incidents involving autonomous or remotely operated boats. The NTSB recommends improved regulations to address risks such as collisions, navigation failures, and operational oversight. The proposal aims to enhance safety for both USVs and traditional maritime traffic.
133NTSB (.gov)2026-10-27
The NTSB recommended stronger safety standards for uncrewed surface vessels after investigating a collision in Lake Erie. The incident highlighted gaps in current regulations governing autonomous or remotely operated boats. The board urged the U.S. Coast Guard to develop and enforce updated guidelines to prevent similar accidents. No specific details about the collision or proposed standards were provided in the announcement.
134Hydro International2026-10-20
Sentiq Defence, founded by retired Italian Navy commander Antonio J. Belfiore, has launched as an integrator of autonomous and remotely operated maritime systems for defense, security, and blue economy sectors. The company offers uncrewed surface vessels (USVs), underwater surveillance sonars, ROVs, and aerial drones, aiming to simplify integration and provide turnkey solutions with training and support. Based in Italy, Sentiq focuses on addressing fragmented markets by tailoring commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems to customer needs under the principle "command your space." Its growth plan includes expanding partnerships, building a local integration hub, and enhancing training and support services.
This paper explores the legal, economic, and regulatory effects of AI in maritime shipping. It outlines AI’s benefits for navigation, logistics, maintenance, and port operations but notes risks like data quality, cybersecurity, and liability issues. The study focuses on smart ports, autonomous vessels, and responsibility allocation among stakeholders in AI-related incidents. It proposes regulatory frameworks to support innovation while ensuring safety and legal clarity.
The paper explores jurisdictional challenges posed by uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) or maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) controlled via remote-operation centers (ROCs) in commercial maritime activities. It highlights that ROCs are currently used for marine surveys, where crews operate USVs from onshore locations rather than onboard. The focus is on legal and regulatory uncertainties arising from this remote operational model. The analysis centers on how jurisdiction is determined when vessels are controlled from a different location than where they operate.
Jonathan Earthy’s paper outlines the development of ergonomics standards, showing their shift from product-focused rules to principle-based approaches for robotic, intelligent, and autonomous (RIA) systems. It emphasizes human-centered design, where users are seen as active agents, and highlights key standards like ISO 9241-210 and ISO 11064 for ensuring usability and safety in automation. The chapter uses maritime examples to illustrate how these standards apply to autonomous ships. It argues that standards now serve as design tools to embed trust and resilience in intelligent systems.
138Penningtons Manches Cooper2026-05-26
The article warns about legal risks tied to autonomous vessels before the mandatory MASS Code takes effect. It advises maritime stakeholders to address liability, insurance, and regulatory compliance issues proactively. Failure to act early may lead to costly disputes or operational disruptions. The MASS Code will standardize rules, but preparation is critical to avoid legal pitfalls.
139PressReader2026-04-07
Avikus received certification for its autonomous navigation technology in April 2026. The achievement marks a milestone for the company’s self-steering systems. No further details on the certification scope or testing process were provided. The development signals progress in maritime automation.
This paper examines the legal challenges of distinguishing lawful autonomous pricing algorithms from illegal collusion under EU competition law. It proposes a three-stage test—verifying algorithmic independence, assessing independent rationality, and third-party auditing—to rebut presumptions of coordination. Compliance-by-design evidence, including documentation and audits, helps reduce false accusations while maintaining legal standards. The approach aims to balance competition enforcement with fairness for businesses using algorithmic pricing.
This paper reviews AI applications for reducing human-factor risks in merchant ship operations, analyzing 23 core sources and recent technical evidence. It evaluates AI technologies like computer vision, fatigue analysis, and edge processing, noting high but context-dependent detection performance. A proposed system architecture integrates sensors, edge processing, and fail-safe protocols, while regulatory adaptations for SOLAS, ISM Code, and other frameworks are suggested. The 2026 IMO MASS Code is cited as a precedent for goal-based approval and progressive implementation.
The paper examines the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) efforts to develop regulations for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). It reviews the early stages of the IMO’s rule-making process, highlighting key legal and technical challenges. The article identifies unresolved issues that must be addressed before adopting a formal legal framework for MASS. It focuses on the applicability of existing maritime laws to autonomous and remotely operated vessels.
143CNA2026-11-03
MP Lee Hui Ying highlighted the need for Singapore to regulate autonomous vessels by balancing human oversight with accountability for safety and environmental risks. She questioned how the Ministry of Transport will align local laws with the International Maritime Organization’s evolving standards for autonomous ships. Lee also emphasized ensuring legal responsibility in accidents while maintaining fairness and transparency for businesses. The discussion took place during the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (Amendment) Bill debate.
This study examines the shift toward autonomous systems in European Inland Waterway Transport (E-IWT) using a socio-technical framework. Researchers interviewed 29 stakeholders across four subsystems—Technical, Personnel, Work Design, and Environment—analyzing current operations and future scenarios, including manned and unmanned remote-control setups. Findings reveal a predicted shift from vessel-based to shore-based operations, requiring real-time communication, regulatory updates, and standardized Remote Operation Centers (ROCs). The study also highlights misalignments between subsystems and the need for stakeholder collaboration to support higher automation levels.
145DefenseScoop2026-04-22
The U.S. Navy's Program Executive Office for Robotic and Autonomous Systems (PAE) plans to release a marketplace roadmap in 2026. This roadmap aims to guide industry collaboration and development for robotic and autonomous technologies. The initiative seeks to streamline procurement and innovation in naval autonomous systems. No specific details on the roadmap's content have been disclosed.
146Seawork 20272026-10-29
The UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) is gathering input from the maritime industry on the development and regulation of autonomous ships. This initiative, announced at Seawork 2027, aims to shape future policies for maritime autonomy. The MCA is seeking perspectives on safety, legal, and operational challenges. The feedback will inform potential regulatory frameworks for autonomous vessels.
147더파워2026-10-28
The West Sea Coast Guard held discussions on maritime traffic safety in the southwest sea region. The meeting focused on exploring responses to advancements in AI and autonomous navigation technologies. Officials aimed to address potential challenges and opportunities these innovations present for maritime operations. No specific solutions or outcomes were detailed.
148bairdmaritime2026-10-28
The NTSB issued six safety recommendations after a 2024 collision in Lake Erie between a recreational motor yacht and a NOAA-operated uncrewed surface vessel (USV). The incident caused minor injury to the yacht operator and significant damage to both vessels, with the USV deemed a total loss. The NTSB attributed the collision to the USV's low visibility, lack of active monitoring, and insufficient autonomy safeguards. Recommendations include developing national USV standards for detectability, collision avoidance, and navigational safety, as well as design improvements by the manufacturer.
149gCaptain2026-10-27
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is urging new regulations for uncrewed vessels following a collision in Lake Erie. The incident prompted concerns about safety and operational standards for autonomous ships. The NTSB recommends stricter oversight to prevent future accidents. No specific rules were detailed in the report.
The paper examines the growing use of AI-driven Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) in military operations, highlighting gaps in adapting International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to these technologies. It proposes Meaningful Human Control (MHC) as a necessary framework, particularly for Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). The study explores Artificial Moral Agents (AMA) as a potential solution to address challenges in applying IHL to AWS. A conceptual framework for integrating AMA into AWS is investigated.
151Maritime Fairtrade2026-04-04India Shipping News
ClassNK granted the world’s first Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) notation to the domestic container ship *"Genbu."* The notation certifies compliance with standards for autonomous ship operations. This milestone marks a first in the shipping industry for autonomous vessel classification. The achievement highlights advancements in maritime automation technology.
152Forbes2026-11-02
Outdated maritime regulations are hindering U.S. progress in developing autonomous ships. The article argues that current rules prevent designers from testing and demonstrating the capabilities of unmanned vessels. This regulatory barrier risks ceding leadership in maritime autonomy to other nations. Reform is needed to enable innovation and maintain competitiveness.
This paper examines the need for a legal framework to govern remote piloting, where sea pilots assist vessels from mainland locations using live-streaming technology. It highlights cost benefits but stresses the importance of clear regulations to define the pilot’s role, responsibilities, and duty boundaries. Without international standardization, legal challenges may hinder remote pilotage adoption. The authors outline key tasks for developing these regulations.
154shippingtelegraph2026-11-04
Singapore highlighted risks from emerging maritime technologies like AI and autonomous ships, which could improve navigation but also enable cyber threats and disruptions to critical underwater infrastructure. Minister Edwin Tong warned that drones, autonomous vessels, and cyber-attacks may compromise ship safety, port operations, or unlawfully seize vessels. The statement, delivered for Fiji, Jamaica, Malta, and Singapore, supported a mandatory framework for autonomous ships while stressing the need for accountability and safeguards. It also condemned unlawful transit restrictions in key straits, citing global economic risks.
155Naval Today2026-10-30
Australia approved the SEASAT Lightfish autonomous surface vessel for naval operations, issuing its first Naval Permit to Operate under the Australian Naval Seaworthiness Regulation (ANSR) 307. The permit allows the vessel to participate in Exercise RIMPAC 2026 under specific safety conditions and risk controls. The approval followed a collaborative assessment by the Australian Naval Seaworthiness Authority and other defense stakeholders. It establishes a regulatory framework for integrating new maritime technologies into defense operations while ensuring safety oversight.
156UK Defence Journal2026-10-21
Labour MP Al Carns questioned Britain’s military restructuring for drone warfare, comparing it to the U.S., Germany, and Ukraine, which have established dedicated uncrewed systems commands or forces. Defence Secretary Wes Streeting highlighted the UK’s hybrid Navy and £1.3 billion investment in drone technology as key initiatives, emphasizing innovation and new platforms. Britain’s approach currently relies on program-based integration, with uncrewed systems like Type 91-94 vessels planned for gradual introduction from the early 2030s. Unlike allies, the UK has not yet created a separate drone command structure.
This paper analyzes current methods for planning maritime Aids to Navigation (AtoNs), finding them fragmented across scientific studies, IALA guidelines, and national laws. Scientific tools are partial, IALA offers broad standards but lacks site-specific procedures, and legal frameworks define roles without clear, reproducible placement methods. The authors propose an integrated framework covering spatial, operational, and technological domains, demonstrated through a case study of a 2024 Adriatic Sea grounding. The framework aims to improve risk-informed decision-making but remains conceptual, requiring further development and validation.
This paper examines how the EU AI Act applies to AI systems used in Earth Observation (EO), focusing on its risk-based framework. It analyzes EO use cases in areas like law enforcement, migration, and infrastructure, showing that an AI system’s risk classification depends on its purpose, autonomy, and context. While most current EO AI systems are not yet deemed high-risk, the authors warn this may change as technology advances. The study calls for EO researchers to adopt responsible AI practices, including explainability and risk assessment, to align with regulatory demands.
159safety4sea2026-04-23
DNV and the Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) have partnered to advance research on autonomous maritime operations. The collaboration aims to develop technologies and frameworks supporting safe and efficient autonomous shipping. This initiative focuses on innovation in maritime safety and operational standards. The agreement was announced on April 23, 2026.
160Legis12026-04-21
Congress is influencing future investments in naval autonomous systems. The focus is on shaping funding and policy decisions for these technologies. The article discusses legislative actions that will guide development and deployment. Key priorities include advancing unmanned and AI-driven naval capabilities.
161재경일보2026-11-08
The *Tamnara-ho*, a passenger ship operating near Namisum Island, received South Korea’s first domestic safety approval for autonomous operation. This marks a milestone in the country’s maritime industry for autonomous vessel technology. The approval confirms compliance with safety standards for unmanned or partially automated navigation. No further technical or operational details were provided in the report.
162台灣英文新聞2026-11-05
The article discusses how Ukraine’s unmanned boat warfare experience could inform Taiwan’s asymmetric defense strategies, though direct application is limited due to differing sea conditions, communication challenges, and defense environments in the Taiwan Strait. The DSET report suggests trilateral cooperation (Taiwan-U.S.-Ukraine or Taiwan-Japan-Ukraine) to combine Taiwan’s manufacturing strengths with Ukraine’s software and combat expertise, while addressing export controls and intellectual property concerns. While Ukraine’s low-cost, high-impact unmanned boats have proven effective in the Black Sea, Taiwan’s harsher maritime conditions and lack of combat experience may reduce their immediate effectiveness. The report emphasizes the need for localized testing, modular development, and cost-benefit analysis before scaling procurement.
163www.diarypoint.com2026-10-31
South Korea plans to lead the global market in autonomous ship orders by 2035. The country is focusing on advancing its maritime technology to achieve this goal. This initiative aims to strengthen its position in the shipping industry. No specific strategies or current progress details were provided in the text.
This study examines how Arctic sea ice melt and carbon pricing policies affect competition between the Northeast Passage and Suez Canal Route for China–Europe shipping. Using a Stackelberg game model, it analyzes the interplay between carbon taxes, voyage speed, costs, route shares, and emissions, revealing non-linear effects on emissions reduction. Findings show that under severe warming, the Arctic route could capture 22% of freight traffic, with emissions surpassing 630,000 metric tonnes. The research highlights how climate change lowers the threshold for effective carbon tax regulation while supporting long-term low-carbon shipping strategies.
165연합뉴스2026-10-28
The South Korean government announced its "Marine and Fisheries AX" strategy, focusing on fully autonomous ships and robotic ports. The initiative aims to modernize maritime and fisheries infrastructure using advanced automation and robotics. The plan seeks to enhance efficiency and competitiveness in the sector. No specific implementation timeline or technical details were provided.
166뉴스핌2026-10-28
South Korea has announced an AI transformation strategy for its marine and fisheries sector, targeting global leadership in autonomous ships by 2035. The plan aims to integrate artificial intelligence into maritime operations to enhance efficiency and competitiveness. The strategy focuses on developing autonomous vessel technology and positioning South Korea as a top player in the global market. No specific methods or interim results were detailed in the announcement.
167해사신문2026-10-26
The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries expanded maritime cooperation with Norway and India in October 2026. Discussions focused on advancing autonomous navigation technology and port development initiatives. The collaboration aims to strengthen partnerships in key maritime sectors. No specific outcomes or agreements were detailed in the announcement.
168정보통신신문2026-10-21
South Gyeongsang Province is working to designate specific areas as autonomous navigation zones. This initiative aims to support the development and testing of self-navigating ships. The province seeks to advance maritime technology and improve safety in these designated zones. No specific outcomes or methods have been detailed yet.
169中国交通新闻网2026-10-17
The International Seminar on Autonomous Ship Navigation Technology Standards was held in Fuzhou. The event focused on discussing and advancing global standards for autonomous ship navigation technology. Organized by relevant authorities, it aimed to promote collaboration and innovation in the maritime sector. No specific outcomes or participants were detailed in the provided text.
170국제신문2026-10-12
The South Korean government is extending its "autonomous navigation cooperation" initiative to include shipbuilding processes. This expansion aims to integrate autonomous technology into the construction and operation of ships. The move is part of broader efforts to enhance efficiency and innovation in the maritime industry. No specific methods or outcomes were detailed in the announcement.
171搜狐网2026-09-29
Japan has listed 52,000 sets of unmanned equipment, focusing on unmanned boats, to reshape near-sea operational rules. The initiative aims to enhance maritime capabilities and influence regional naval strategies. The move reflects Japan’s push to modernize its defense technology. No specific deployment timeline or technical details were provided.
172shipmanagementinternational.com2026-04-07
ClassNK granted the world’s first Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) notation to the domestic container ship *Genbu*. The notation certifies the vessel’s compliance with autonomous shipping standards. This milestone marks progress in integrating autonomous technology into commercial maritime operations. The ship is operated by a Japanese company.
173designdevelopmenttoday2026-11-03
The NTSB recommended that an autonomous boat manufacturer modify its design following a collision. It also advised NOAA to update its policies to ensure uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) are detectable by other operators. The recommendations include requiring testing to verify vessel detectability. The changes aim to improve safety in maritime operations.
Vietnam’s strategic autonomy amid U.S.-China rivalry relies on reducing vulnerability through domestic capabilities rather than just diplomatic maneuvering. The country faces asymmetric dependence: the U.S. dominates export demand and advanced technology, while China controls production inputs, logistics, and maritime stability. Hedging remains viable but requires stronger domestic firms, technological absorption, energy resilience, and maritime capacity. Strategic autonomy is framed as maintaining policy options rather than formal alignment.
175SSBCrack2026-07-16
Two defense firms filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Navy on July 16, 2026, alleging exclusion from its unmanned vessel program. The companies claim their omission from the program was unjustified. The lawsuit seeks to challenge the Navy’s selection process. No further details on the legal arguments or program specifics were provided.
The paper analyzes how the 1992 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage applies to remotely operated ships, focusing on the liability of remote operators. The IMO is considering whether to extend the convention’s "channelling of liability" provision—which limits negligence claims against certain parties—to include remote operators. Leaving their status undefined risks legal uncertainty, while explicitly clarifying it could either simplify liability or weaken environmental protections. The article evaluates both approaches, weighing treaty interpretation, case law, and policy implications.
The paper examines the growing trend of ocean privatisation, where individuals, corporations, states, and organizations claim property rights over maritime domains. It highlights increasing research on related topics like blue-grabbing and tradable quotas, often presenting polarized views—either as solutions or risks. The collection analyzes diverse perspectives using varied theoretical frameworks and global case studies, aided by AI-assisted qualitative tools. Key findings show privatisation as dynamic "processes of property," shaped by bargaining, discourse, and power dynamics, with a focus on distributive consequences.
178BW Businessworld2026-11-06
India's Chief of Defence Staff, General NS Raja Subramani, emphasized the need for technological self-reliance in maritime security. He highlighted the importance of resilient supply chains and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) for Indo-Pacific security. The focus is on adopting open systems to enhance India's maritime capabilities. The remarks were made during a discussion on India's strategic maritime needs.
179SAFETY4SEA2026-11-05
The shipping industry’s digital transformation is expanding cyber risks as interconnected systems integrate navigation, machinery monitoring, and cargo operations. While new regulations and AI-driven tools aim to strengthen cybersecurity, concerns persist about whether resilience is keeping pace with technological complexity. Smaller operators and third-party dependencies create vulnerabilities, and operational technology—critical for vessel safety—requires tailored security measures. Recent data show rising cyber incidents, with phishing and operational tech exposure as key threats, while regulatory shifts emphasize implementation and lifecycle management over mere compliance.
180Sea News2026-10-12
The article discusses the importance of integrating safety into the design of uncrewed maritime systems. It emphasizes that the growing adoption of autonomous ships requires a "safe by design" approach to prevent accidents and ensure reliability. The maritime industry must prioritize safety standards to support the uncrewed revolution. Regulatory frameworks and technological safeguards are critical for long-term success.
181safety4sea2026-09-11
The 2026 MASS Code establishes mandatory safety and operational standards for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). It outlines requirements for risk assessment, cybersecurity, and human oversight to ensure compliance with international maritime regulations. Ship operators must adapt their procedures to meet these new guidelines, which aim to integrate autonomous vessels safely into existing maritime frameworks. The code applies to all MASS degrees, from partially to fully autonomous systems.
This paper, Part II of a study by Dr. Osama Ellian, outlines proposed safety and technical rule requirements for well-stimulating ships handling acids. It focuses on measures to eliminate, prevent, and mitigate hazards related to acid transport and use in these vessels. The rules address ship design, installation, and operational preparedness for new constructions, retrofits, and existing ships. The guidance aims to assist regulators, operators, and stakeholders in managing risks associated with well-stimulating operations.
183Marine News Magazine2026-05-18
Saronic and Lloyd’s Register have partnered to develop maritime autonomy standards. The collaboration aims to establish guidelines for autonomous shipping technologies. This initiative focuses on improving safety and regulatory frameworks in the maritime industry. The partnership was announced in May 2026.
184tectonicdefense2026-11-05Tectonic Defense
Saildrone sued the U.S. Navy after being eliminated from the $2.1 billion Medium Unmanned Surface Vessel (MUSV) program and won. The Court of Federal Claims ruled the Navy acted "arbitrarily and capriciously," treating Saildrone unfairly compared to competitor Sea Machines. The Navy must now reevaluate Saildrone’s proposal within two months and is barred from spending over $1.5 billion of the program’s funds until then. The case centered on disparate treatment rather than technical flaws in Saildrone’s bid.
185sofx.com2026-11-04
A federal judge ruled the U.S. Navy treated Saildrone’s bid unfairly in its $2.1 billion drone boat program and ordered a new evaluation, including a fresh at-sea test. The Navy is barred from spending about $600 million until the reevaluation is complete, though existing contracts for 30 vessels (totaling $1.2 billion) can proceed. The decision also allows courts to review "other transaction" contracts, a fast-track procurement method, potentially increasing future bid protests. Saildrone remains eligible for a second solicitation, with Phase II testing set to begin in mid-November.
186Taiwan News2026-11-04
A Taiwanese think tank has recommended updating requirements for the country’s unmanned marine systems. The proposal aims to enhance Taiwan’s maritime defense and surveillance capabilities. The recommendations focus on improving technology and operational standards. No specific details on the proposed changes were provided in the report.
This paper proposes an automated framework for determining liability in accidents involving autonomous vehicles. It uses edge intelligence, machine learning, and graph theory to process real-time sensor data from vehicles, weather, and roadside units. The system constructs event identity graphs to map causal relationships and cross-references them with insurance codes, traffic laws, and ethical policies. The approach aims to improve transparency, fairness, and efficiency in liability assessments compared to traditional manual methods.
This paper examines the legal challenges posed by autonomous vehicles (AVs) in land, sea, and air transportation, where traditional fault-based liability frameworks struggle due to the shift from human to algorithmic control. It highlights the ambiguity in determining liable parties when control and benefit are separated. The authors propose a unified tort liability framework to address these issues. The study focuses on clarifying accountability in cross-modal autonomous transportation systems.
189openalex2026-07-13R Ferreira da Silva, Milad Abolhasani, Peter Beaucage, Laura Biven +24 more
The paper updates a 2025 roadmap for autonomous science, noting rapid progress in multi-agent systems, interoperable labs, and AI models, alongside setbacks like retracted discoveries and flawed benchmarks. It highlights a shift in challenges—from generating discoveries to verifying them—as the field’s key limitation. The revised roadmap expands to seven dimensions, elevating trust, verification, and governance as priorities, and introduces four new milestones. The next two years focus on standardization, verification frameworks, and federated, secure coordination across global and commercial platforms.
The paper explores the potential of autonomous vehicles (AVs) to address road safety, congestion, and mobility issues in Nigeria. It highlights challenges such as weak infrastructure, regulatory gaps, and the need for context-specific analysis. The study emphasizes aligning AV adoption with Nigeria’s institutional, technological, and socio-cultural conditions. Limited existing evidence on AVs in African contexts is noted as a key concern.