← (Macro-trends)Swarms & multi-vessel coordination
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This paper reviews research on autonomous ship and harbor maneuvering from 2015 to 2026, covering control systems, AI, sensor fusion, digital twins, and logistics. It introduces a seven-layer cyber-physical taxonomy and a maturity model to assess integration levels, from isolated vessel autonomy to fully federated systems. While progress has been made in individual areas like control and perception, gaps remain in cross-layer coordination, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance. The authors propose a Federated Maritime Cyber-Physical Architecture to improve interoperability and resilience in autonomous harbor operations.
02NavalToday2026-10-06
Saab and Kraken Robotics are collaborating to develop an autonomous drone vessel designed for underwater search operations. The project aims to integrate advanced sensor and drone technology for maritime applications. The partnership combines Saab’s defense and security expertise with Kraken’s underwater robotics capabilities. No specific timeline or technical details were disclosed in the announcement.
This research introduces ARV-S, an autonomous maritime logistics system designed for high-threat and communication-denied environments. It replaces traditional centralized resupply methods with a self-optimizing network of distributed, intelligent vessels using swarm intelligence and continuous learning. Key features include modular payloads, resilient communication, predictive maintenance, and a Quantum Thinking Circuit OS for adaptive decision-making. The goal is a self-healing logistics ecosystem supporting disaster response, remote resupply, and environmental monitoring.
04Ocean News & Technology2026-11-06
Navantia presented its naval combat cloud, F110 IAMD frigate, and LASV-75 autonomous vessel at Euronaval 2026, highlighting advancements in digital integration, combat systems, and uncrewed platforms. The naval combat cloud aims to enhance data-sharing, decision-making, and coordinated operations across multi-domain naval forces, supported by Navantia’s NASOS open architecture and SCOMBA NG combat system. The F110 IAMD frigate, an upgraded variant of Spain’s F110 class, focuses on improved air and missile defense while retaining multi-role capabilities, featuring expanded vertical launch capacity and Aegis-related technologies. The LASV-75, a 75-meter autonomous vessel, is designed for hybrid fleet operations, offering modular adaptability and endurance for diverse missions.
05Shipping Telegraph2026-09-02
Greek companies are collaborating to develop an unmanned autonomous surface vessel. The partnership aims to advance maritime technology in autonomous shipping. No specific details on the companies involved or project timeline are provided. The initiative reflects growing interest in automation within the shipping industry.
06PR Newswire2026-10-28
Barzan Holdings, Rheinmetall AG, Rheinmetall Barzan Advanced Technologies (RBAT), and Shield AI formed a joint venture to enhance autonomy for Qatari Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs). The collaboration aims to integrate advanced autonomous technologies into Qatar’s naval capabilities. The partnership was announced on October 28, 2026. No specific technical details or outcomes were disclosed in the announcement.
This study introduces a multi-platform autonomous survey framework for documenting Great Lakes shipwrecks, tested in Lake Michigan and Lake Ontario (2021–2022). The approach combines AUVs, ASVs, sonar, magnetometry, and optical imaging in a structured workflow to cover large areas efficiently. Surveys generated 19.72 km² of geophysical data, including sonar mosaics and magnetic maps, leading to the discovery of a previously unknown wooden shipwreck in Lake Ontario. The method improves efficiency, adaptability, and scalability for preserving submerged cultural heritage.
08Ocean News & Technology2026-07-30
MARTAC is developing a forward sustainment model for fleets of autonomous surface vessels. The model aims to support long-term operations and maintenance of these unmanned systems. The initiative focuses on improving logistics and supply chain efficiency. Details on specific methods or outcomes are not provided in the text.
09navalnews.com2026-06-22
MARTAC and Intrepid Powerboats have formed a manufacturing partnership to increase production of autonomous surface vessels. The collaboration aims to scale up the manufacturing capabilities for these unmanned boats. No specific details on production targets or timelines were provided in the announcement. The partnership was reported by navalnews.com on June 22, 2026.
10EIN News2026-06-17
MARTAC and Intrepid Powerboats have announced a manufacturing partnership to scale production of autonomous surface vessels. The collaboration aims to expand the development and deployment of unmanned maritime technology. No specific details on timelines or production capacity were provided. The partnership was announced on June 17, 2026.
11Focus Taiwan2026-09-11
CSBC Corporation has partnered with Havoc Shield to develop autonomous surface vessels. The collaboration aims to advance technology for unmanned maritime operations. No specific details on project timelines or vessel capabilities were provided. The partnership was announced on September 11, 2026.
12Baird Maritime2026-07-24
A Ukrainian defense technology company has partnered with a U.S. firm to develop autonomous vessels. The collaboration aims to advance unmanned maritime systems for defense applications. Details on specific projects or timelines were not provided in the announcement. The partnership reflects growing international cooperation in military technology.
13openalex2026-05-26Josep Marin Garces, Andrea Pino Jarque, Salvador López Barajas, Guillem Fustier Castillo +6 moreDOI ↗ (opens in a new tab) This study demonstrates a field test at Spain’s Port of Castellón, where a catamaran surface robot with an integrated Launch and Recovery System (LARS) deployed and retrieved a BlueROV underwater vehicle. The trial covered navigation, remote supervision, underwater operations, and recovery using an immersive augmented reality teleoperation interface. Conducted by CIRTESU and IRSLab, the experiment highlights advancements in cooperative surface–underwater robotics and autonomous maritime technologies. The work supports research on robotic inspection and intervention in port and marine environments.
14Seapower Magazine2026-09-28
Shield AI and Kraken Technology Group conducted a demonstration of autonomous maritime teaming using Shield AI’s Hivemind AI pilot system in 2026. The collaboration showcased the ability of unmanned vessels to operate collectively without human intervention. The Hivemind system enabled coordinated decision-making among multiple autonomous maritime platforms. The event highlighted advancements in AI-driven naval autonomy.
This study developed a solar-powered autonomous boat navigation system for future swarm unmanned surface vehicle (USV) use. The system uses GPS and a digital compass for positioning, controlled by a TTGO ESP32 LoRa microcontroller, transmitting real-time data via LoRa. Testing showed 92% directional accuracy with an average error of 5.4 degrees, demonstrating stable and adaptive navigation. The design provides a scalable foundation for swarm-based environmental monitoring.
The paper introduces a modified particle filter for maritime target tracking using autonomous surface vessels (USVs) in scenarios with intermittent communication. The method adjusts particle distribution to prevent overconfidence in local estimates when external data is unavailable. Tests with USVs on a lake show the approach maintains performance under normal conditions while improving results in certain edge cases. The work focuses on distributed consensus without centralized coordination.
17Riviera Maritime Media2026-10-16
Fugro has secured €150 million in financing to develop uncrewed vessel technology. The funding will support the advancement of autonomous and remote-controlled ships. This initiative aims to enhance maritime operations through innovative and sustainable solutions. The project reflects growing investment in next-generation marine technology.
This paper examines robust formation control for networked autonomous surface vessels (NASVs) considering input dead-zone and decision-making constraints. It introduces a noncooperative game framework to enable flexible formation and proposes two game-based approaches: one with fast compensation for input dead-zones and another using a penalty function for decision-making constraints. The methods rely on distributed formation with partial information and are validated through simulations. Convergence analysis employs a two-time-scale method.
19Tech.eu2026-04-30
Online Oceans secured £4 million in funding to expand its autonomous vessel fleets for maritime security. The company focuses on deploying unmanned systems to enhance monitoring and protection in marine environments. This investment will support scaling operations and advancing its technology. No specific applications or partnerships were detailed in the announcement.
20Naval Today2026-11-05NavalToday
EDGE signed two MoUs in November 2026 to advance unmanned surface vessel (USV) development and engine integration. The first agreement involves EDGE Europe and Novamarine, combining Italian-built platforms with an autonomous control system from EDGE’s Technology Innovation Institute (TII). The second MoU focuses on integrating CMD’s Italian-designed engines into vessels built by Abu Dhabi Ship Building (ADSB). These partnerships aim to strengthen cooperation between EDGE’s European and UAE-based entities in naval shipbuilding and autonomous maritime technologies.
21Unmanned Systems Technology2026-10-30
The article discusses strategies for expanding autonomous naval fleets using tactical surface vessels. It focuses on the integration and deployment of unmanned systems in naval operations. The text highlights technological and operational considerations for scaling these fleets. No specific methods or results are detailed beyond the general concept.
This paper presents a unified, safety-constrained optimization framework for autonomous mining systems, integrating sensor fusion, edge intelligence, and digital twin-based decision support for surface and underground environments. The approach uses mathematical modeling and multi-objective optimization to improve vehicle dynamics, drilling mechanics, and fleet coordination under GNSS-denied and extreme Nordic conditions. Validation through Monte Carlo simulations and statistical testing showed productivity gains of ~24.3%, energy reductions of ~12.8%, and safety risk decreases of ~48.6% compared to baseline systems. Key performance drivers identified include localization accuracy, communication delay, and optimization weighting.
This paper introduces a centralized model predictive control (MPC) framework for autonomous surface vessels that accounts for ship-to-ship interactions, which are often ignored or oversimplified in traditional methods. The approach uses an empirically derived, three-degrees-of-freedom interaction model based on computational fluid dynamics to estimate proximity-induced forces in real time. Simulations show the MPC controller improves trajectory tracking and disturbance handling compared to PID controllers, particularly in platooning, parallel, and triangular formations. The study also examines performance variations across different formation types.
24Smart Maritime Network2026-10-05
Seasats has deployed a fleet of Lightfish uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) in the Gulf of Mexico to enhance US maritime border security. The solar-powered USVs, measuring 3.4 meters long and weighing 154 kg, will conduct persistent autonomous surveillance to detect illegal activities like drug trafficking and unauthorized vessel entry. Equipped with modular sensors, including cameras and sonar, the vessels can operate for months alongside crewed patrols. The deployment expands on previous use along the Rio Grande since January 2026, aiming to provide continuous coverage in areas too vast for crewed assets alone.
25europeafrica.army.mil2026-08-09
The U.S. Army Europe and Africa released B-roll footage of *Silent Swarm 26*, an exercise involving maritime and unmanned surface vessels (USVs). The footage showcases operations and testing of these autonomous systems in a naval context. The event took place as part of broader efforts to integrate unmanned technologies into military maritime operations. No specific outcomes or technical details were provided in the release.
26DVIDS2026-08-08
The video titled *Silent Swarm 26* showcases B-roll footage of maritime operations involving unmanned surface vessels (USVs). Released by DVIDS on August 8, 2026, it highlights naval exercises or demonstrations without accompanying narration. The content focuses on the deployment and movement of these autonomous or remotely operated vessels. No specific technical details or outcomes are provided in the available text.
27Army Recognition2026-10-26
The British Royal Navy demonstrated the Kraken K3 unmanned surface vessel launching three Short-Range Loitering Munition-10 quadcopters during the U.S.-led AUKUS Maritime Big Play Pacific event in San Diego on October 20, 2026. The test showcased how uncrewed boats could deploy aerial drones for reconnaissance or other missions without risking crewed ships. The demonstration aligns with Britain’s £12.3 million Project Beehive, which includes 20 Kraken vessels for future naval operations. While the launch proved system integration, it did not confirm live-strike capabilities or autonomous target engagement.
28FOX Carolina News2026-10-19WLOX
Liberty Alliance and SubSea Craft are initiating autonomous vessel projects in Hancock County. The collaboration aims to develop and test unmanned maritime technology in the region. This effort is expected to bring advanced research and potential economic opportunities to the area. No specific details on vessel types or project timelines were provided.
This paper presents a formation control framework for unmanned surface vessels (USVs) to improve cooperative tracking safety in complex marine environments. It uses a prescribed performance control method with adjustable boundaries to minimize tracking errors and reduce collision risks, while an integral disturbance observer addresses model uncertainty and external disturbances. A control barrier function (CBF) ensures safety by solving a quadratic programming problem, balancing formation tracking and security. Simulations show the method outperforms others in response speed, disturbance rejection, and input smoothness.
This paper presents a formation control method for autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) in waterways with currents, obstacles, and boundaries. The approach uses multi-agent navigation functions, allowing ASVs to maintain relative positioning while drifting with currents instead of resisting them. The method was tested in simulations and real-world experiments with four micro-ASVs in a lake and river, handling tidal currents, GPS errors, and communication dropouts. Results showed successful formation convergence and collision avoidance, even after temporary communication loss.
31Marine Insight2026-07-15
The U.S. has unveiled an autonomous vessel system capable of performing five distinct naval operations. The system can switch between roles such as surveillance, mine countermeasures, anti-submarine warfare, electronic warfare, and surface warfare. This multi-mission capability aims to enhance flexibility and efficiency in naval operations. The announcement was made by Marine Insight on July 15, 2026.
32Thomasnet2026-04-23
Anduril and HD Hyundai have started constructing an autonomous naval vessel. The collaboration aims to develop unmanned maritime technology for defense applications. The project marks a step toward advancing autonomous systems in naval operations. No specific timeline or technical details were provided in the announcement.
33Asian Military Review2026-04-17
Australia established a dedicated maritime autonomous unit as part of its push toward unmanned systems. The move reflects the country’s focus on integrating autonomous technologies into naval operations. The unit aims to enhance capabilities in surveillance, reconnaissance, and other maritime missions. No specific details on size, structure, or timeline were provided.
34Baird Maritime2026-09-09
The US Navy and industry partners successfully demonstrated autonomous at-sea refueling in September 2026. The test showcased unmanned systems capable of conducting refueling operations without direct human intervention. This advancement aims to enhance naval logistics and operational efficiency. No specific technologies or vessels involved were detailed in the report.
This paper introduces a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to automate and optimize the scheduling of Marine Autonomous Vehicle (MAV) fleets for scientific data collection. The model considers operational constraints like battery life and data collection time windows while maximizing data yield and minimizing vehicle use and energy consumption. It integrates with ship itineraries for mid-mission battery swaps or faster transit and scales efficiently, solving problems for hundreds of MAVs in minutes. The framework also supports scenario analysis and provides visualizations to aid decision-making.
36The Defense Post2026-08-20
Blue Ops and Havoc have partnered to develop maritime autonomous systems. The collaboration aims to advance unmanned technologies for naval operations. Details on specific projects or timelines were not provided in the announcement. The focus appears to be on enhancing maritime capabilities through automation.
37TipRanks2026-07-03
Saronic is prioritizing the development of autonomous maritime security fleets. The company aims to enhance maritime safety and surveillance using unmanned systems. This strategic focus reflects an industry shift toward automation in naval operations. No specific technologies or partnerships were detailed in the report.
38OkDiario2026-06-05
The U.S. Navy plans to deploy thousands of robot boats in the Indo-Pacific by 2030. It aims to introduce over 30 medium unmanned ships and establish a new autonomous naval force. This initiative is intended to monitor and apply pressure on China. The strategy focuses on scaling up unmanned capabilities in the region.
39Inside Unmanned Systems2026-11-04
MARTAC has partnered with SŌLACE Boats to increase annual production of Devil Ray unmanned surface vessels by 100, marking its third co-production deal since June. The agreement leverages SŌLACE’s Florida facility and expertise in high-performance hull manufacturing, expanding MARTAC’s capacity to 300–400 vessels per year. These partnerships rely on established recreational boatbuilders to scale production quickly, addressing the Navy’s growing demand for unmanned systems. While MARTAC’s platforms have operational experience, including deployments with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, no direct contracts under the Navy’s Medium Unmanned Surface Vessel program are yet secured.
40Defense Daily2026-09-28
Shield AI’s Hivemind software was demonstrated in the U.K. for autonomous teaming of unmanned surface vessels (USVs). The trial showcased the system’s ability to coordinate multiple USVs without human intervention. The demonstration highlighted advancements in autonomous naval operations. No further technical or operational details were provided.
41finance.biggo.com2026-07-24
Samsung Heavy Industries received approval from U.S. authorities for its LNG bunkering vessel design. The company is expanding its "Shipbuilding Alliance" to include unmanned surface vessels. This move aims to strengthen its position in advanced maritime technology. The approval marks progress in adopting cleaner fuel solutions for shipping.
The paper introduces an Explainable Decision Graph (EDG) framework to improve transparency in Autonomous Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) used in critical fields like healthcare and finance. EDGs structure agents' reasoning, communications, conflicts, and decisions as interconnected graph components, enabling verification against safety and policy constraints. The framework aims to provide clear, multi-level explanations for users, developers, and auditors. Evaluation will focus on metrics like fidelity, traceability, and computational efficiency, with results pending further implementation.
43Мілітарний2026-10-02
UFORCE participated in NATO exercises by deploying 11 unmanned surface vessels (USVs) and 8 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The drills aimed to test and demonstrate the integration of unmanned systems in military operations. The exercises involved coordination between the USVs and UAVs for surveillance and reconnaissance tasks. No specific outcomes or performance details were provided.
44Trade Brains2026-07-22
Apollo Micro Systems secured a prototype order from the Indian Navy for an autonomous anti-submarine warfare platform. The contract marks a step toward developing unmanned systems for naval defense. No details on the platform’s specifications or timeline were disclosed. The project aims to enhance India’s underwater surveillance and combat capabilities.
45theinvestor.co.kr2026-04-21
Hanwha Defense USA and Magnet Defense partnered to develop autonomous vessels. The collaboration aims to advance unmanned maritime technology. The initiative focuses on enhancing naval capabilities through automation. No specific project details or timelines were provided in the announcement.
This paper introduces an Intelligent Runtime Safety Monitoring framework for autonomous multi-agent systems (MAS) used in applications like autonomous vehicles and robotics. The framework continuously monitors agent states, actions, and communications during operation, integrating safety verification, risk assessment, trust estimation, and adaptive corrections. It can respond to safety risks by allowing, warning, blocking, or escalating events for human intervention. The study uses the nuScenes and Waymo Open Motion datasets for evaluation, outlining data processing and analysis methods but does not yet present completed benchmark results.
47Defence Industry Europe2026-09-30
HII's ROMULUS unmanned vessels combine autonomous mission control with scalable production capabilities. The vessels recently completed a 420-nautical-mile endurance test. The system is designed for efficient manufacturing while maintaining autonomous operational functionality. The test validates the platform's long-range performance.
The paper introduces Autonomous Science Nodes (ASNs), lightweight (~1 kg) microprobes deployed by a mothership to perform limited scientific measurements in extreme environments where conventional spacecraft struggle. These mechanically hardened nodes use spherical encapsulation, distributed loading, and high-energy deployment to survive harsh conditions. The study analyzes mass allocation, materials, power, communications, and redundancy, showing how ASNs enhance spatial coverage, resilience, and sampling capabilities. Applications demonstrate the flexibility of this architecture for extending mission reach beyond traditional spacecraft limitations.
This paper presents a method for safe formation control and path planning of unmanned surface vessels (USVs) in obstacle-heavy and restricted waters. It combines nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), an adaptive virtual-obstacle replanning strategy, and a formation-transformation approach to navigate narrow gaps and reconfigure vessel arrangements. Simulations in MATLAB and real-USV experiments validate the framework’s ability to handle dynamic obstacles, narrow waterways, and multi-vessel formations. The approach adjusts obstacle parameters iteratively to ensure collision-free trajectories while maintaining formation stability.
Project Will Observations #2 and #3 involved 32 autonomous LLM villagers with integrated memory (NOESIS) operating without institutions for two 6-hour runs. The experiments generated 51,390 structured events, 10,684 utterances, 401 dreams, and 151 sign texts. All major claims were independently verified, with 151 confirmed, 45 revised, and 19 refuted. The full verification ledger and datasets are publicly available, building on the author’s prior Observation #1.
This review analyzes 193 studies on hydrodynamics-aware formation control for energy-efficient multi-vessel systems, highlighting the challenge of integrating hydrodynamic resistance reduction into real-time control. It categorizes research into five evidence levels, comparing models like CFD, potential-flow, and surrogates for real-time use, differentiability, and compatibility with model predictive control (MPC). While evidence from CFD and experiments exists, closed-loop validation addressing hydrodynamics, energy metrics, and real-world constraints remains limited. Key priorities include developing control-ready hydrodynamic models, propulsion-aware energy accounting, and field validation for practical deployment.
52Ocean News & Technology2026-11-05
Exail has joined Babcock’s ARMOR Force framework, announced at Euronaval 2026, to advance autonomous naval capabilities. The initiative integrates crewed, lean-crewed, and uncrewed systems under a unified operational environment, led by Babcock as systems integrator. Exail will provide expertise in uncrewed maritime systems and autonomous technologies to enhance naval reach and mission effectiveness. The framework includes partners like Thales and Hensoldt and uses an open, modular architecture to adapt to future needs.
53UA.NEWS2026-09-23
The Israeli Navy is transitioning toward a semi-autonomous fleet. The shift aims to integrate advanced technologies into naval operations. Details on specific systems or timelines were not provided in the report. The move reflects broader military modernization efforts.
54Yahoo2026-05-26
Navantia revealed a concept for a 1,000-ton uncrewed warship designed for autonomous fleets. The proposed vessel aims to operate without a crew, supporting future naval operations. Details on specific capabilities or timelines were not provided. The announcement highlights advancements in autonomous maritime technology.
The paper presents Governed Autonomous Infrastructure (GAI) as a new framework for managing advanced autonomous AI systems. GAI consists of four layers: Sentinel System for oversight, Adaptive Research Layer for self-improvement, Synapsis Lab for testing, and AEGIS for operational control. It emphasizes infrastructure-based governance to ensure persistent oversight, safety, and controlled adaptation. The approach aims to support future AI development in areas like multi-agent coordination and robotics.
56Joint Forces2026-11-05
The Finnish Defence Forces showcased Patria-developed autonomous systems at a November 2026 event in Upinniemi, announcing plans to form an Unmanned Systems Company within the Coastal Brigade in 2027. The demonstration included joint operations of unmanned sea and air systems, controlled remotely from two locations, featuring a multi-domain swarm with an unmanned surface vessel, a fixed-wing UAV, and a quadcopter. Patria’s autonomy kit and mission management system enable rapid integration into naval operations for surveillance, reconnaissance, or one-way attack missions. The Finnish Navy aims to incorporate these systems into its defense strategy, either as standalone units or integrated with existing vessels.
57Unmanned Systems Technology2026-11-05
HAVELSAN successfully demonstrated coordinated operations between autonomous sea and air platforms in 2026. The exercise showcased the integration of unmanned systems for joint missions. No specific technical details or outcomes were disclosed in the announcement. The focus was on the capability to operate these platforms together.
58EDR Magazine2026-11-05
The Finnish Defence Forces and Patria demonstrated autonomous systems for sea and air operations at a November 2026 event in Upinniemi. The Finnish Navy announced plans to form an Unmanned Systems Company within its Coastal Brigade in early 2027. The demonstration included a multi-domain swarm of unmanned systems, controlled remotely, featuring an autonomous surface vessel, a fixed-wing UAV, and a quadcopter launched from a naval vessel. These systems are designed for surveillance, reconnaissance, or one-way attack missions using a warhead.
59Marine Technology News2026-11-04
SubSea Craft and Naval Systems, Inc. (NSI), in partnership with Dragonfish Technical Solutions, demonstrated integrated autonomous maritime systems during a multinational exercise off California in October 2026. Their combined MARS Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) and Arowana Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) successfully conducted over-the-horizon engagements against surface targets within 48 hours of integration. The exercise also showcased an underwater launch capability, pairing the Arowana UUV with SubSea Craft’s CADDIS Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) for diver deployment. The technologies were selected via the U.S. Navy’s BARB solicitation to address emerging undersea warfare challenges.
60해사신문2026-11-04
Korea Maritime & Ocean University hosted an international AI competition in 2026 focusing on three key areas: autonomous navigation, drone swarms, and self-driving technology. The event brought together participants to showcase advancements in AI-driven maritime and transportation systems. The competition highlighted innovations in unmanned and automated technologies. No specific winners or technical details were provided.
This paper presents a task allocation strategy for autonomous agent teams, using a generalized Nonlinear Opinion Dynamics model adapted for spatial movement. The approach allows agents to dynamically redistribute across tasks, producing allocation patterns from fully dispersed to cohesive groups based on environmental and social interaction parameters. Simulations demonstrate real-time reconfiguration under changing demands, with performance near the Hungarian optimum for distance-based preferences. The method is validated in a MOOS-IvP-Multi environment using simulated autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs).
This study introduces a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) system for two unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to cooperatively deploy a capture net against threat vessels. The approach uses a high-fidelity simulation with wave and wind models, prioritizing close-range observations and resolving angular discontinuities through trigonometric transformations. The MARL framework, combined with a hierarchical reward structure, outperformed traditional guidance methods, achieving a 65% capture success rate and reducing formation collapse by three times in dynamic conditions. Results confirm the system’s effectiveness for autonomous, coordinated maritime interdiction.
63HuffPost Greece2026-10-14
The Hellenic Navy is seeking the American "Corsair" maritime drone, which offers swarm capability and has been combat-tested. The drone is being considered alongside Greece's own "Pyrpolitis" system. The Corsair's features include operational experience in real combat scenarios. The article discusses its potential integration into the Greek naval fleet.
64openalex2026-07-02Aswin Ramachandran, Christopher Golling, Sebastian Burmester, Noa Sendlhofer +3 moreDOI ↗ (opens in a new tab) This paper introduces a computational framework, *Way of Water*, for choreographing autonomous surface vessels in open water, addressing challenges from nonlinear fluid dynamics. The system includes *Way of Water Studio*, a browser-based tool that allows artists to design music-responsive choreography using a visual timeline and advanced control algorithms. The framework integrates a custom holonomic chassis, real-time state estimation, and LTE/MQTT communication with RTK-GPS synchronization. It was validated through performances at Lake Zurich and the Venice Biennale, demonstrating its potential for robotic aquatic art.
Nicolò Colombaro’s 2026 paper compiles *Series III of The Vessel Problem*, a 19-part study on the technical and civilizational steps needed for sustainable interstellar travel. It covers propulsion, navigation, braking, infrastructure like harbors and shipyards, and recursive systems for long-term growth, testing designs through falsification. The work frames interstellar travel as an evolving ecosystem where ships, factories, and memory systems prepare destinations for habitability. It serves as an open research framework, outlining questions and challenges rather than offering final solutions.
The paper *BIND-USBL* introduces a cooperative localization system for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in GPS-denied environments, where drift from inertial navigation is a major issue. The framework uses Autonomous Surface Vessels (ASVs) with Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) acoustic positioning to provide intermittent fixes, reducing dead-reckoning errors. Key components include a multi-ASV formation model, a conflict-graph-based scheduler for efficient acoustic updates, and delayed fusion of USBL data with inertial measurements. Simulations demonstrate improved localization performance based on survey scale, acoustic coverage, and ASV-AUV team geometry.
This paper introduces a multi-layer formation control method for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to improve pursuit–evasion tasks in dynamic maritime environments. The approach includes a decision layer for strategic encirclement using Apollonius circles and artificial potential fields, a coordination layer with trajectory prediction via a Head-Guidance operator, and a distributed Model Predictive Control (MPC) layer for robust tracking and collision avoidance. The framework addresses uncertainties and dynamic obstacles, with performance validated through simulations and a real-water experiment using a USV prototype. Results confirm its effectiveness under complex marine conditions.
68defenceconnect.com.au2026-08-28
Australia is expanding its maritime autonomy capabilities from a single vessel to a fleet. The initiative aims to enhance naval operations through advanced autonomous systems. This scaling effort reflects broader defense modernization goals. The project involves collaboration between government and industry partners.
69USNI News2026-04-21
The U.S. Navy plans to deploy thousands of unmanned surface vessels (USVs) in the Indo-Pacific region by 2030. This initiative aims to enhance maritime surveillance, reconnaissance, and operational capabilities. The deployment is part of a broader strategy to bolster presence and adapt to evolving security challenges. No specific details on vessel types or exact numbers were provided in the announcement.
70Military Africa2026-10-22
HAVELSAN conducted a demonstration of coordinated operations involving unmanned aerial and maritime systems in 2026. The event showcased the integration of air and sea drones working together. The exercise highlighted advancements in autonomous military technology. No specific technical details or outcomes were disclosed in the report.
This paper presents a control method for coordinating multiple unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to maintain formation while tracking a virtual leader. The approach addresses challenges like unknown, changing environmental disturbances and actuator limits using a disturbance observer and dynamic compensation. Stability is confirmed through Lyapunov analysis, and simulations validate the method’s effectiveness in handling disturbances and input saturation. The system ensures obstacle avoidance while preserving formation geometry.
72Defence Industry Europe2026-09-29
Shield AI’s Hivemind AI system successfully coordinated two uncrewed Kraken K3 SCOUT vessels during a UK maritime surveillance trial. The test precedes planned demonstrations with NATO partners. The trial focused on autonomous vessel coordination for surveillance operations. Further evaluations are expected to expand collaboration with allied forces.
73sldinfo.com2026-09-04
A robotic refueling connector tested off Virginia highlights a key challenge for autonomous naval fleets: reliable mid-mission resupply. The demonstration suggests progress in addressing the "missing link" of sustained unmanned operations. The technology aims to enable longer deployments without human intervention. This development could shape future autonomous fleet logistics.
This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based strategy for optimizing the defensive deployment of Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs) in maritime environments. It introduces a joint optimization metric combining area and perimeter coverage of fire ranges, accounting for varying attack speeds and detection radii. Compared to Monte Carlo search, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), PSO demonstrated competitive coverage performance with faster computation and simpler implementation. The approach balances solution quality, efficiency, and practicality for coordinated defense in complex scenarios.
This paper presents a fault-tolerant control (FTC) method for unmanned surface vessel (USV) formations, addressing challenges like underactuation, environmental disturbances, and communication link failures. The approach uses head nodes for command dissemination and a virtual leader to generate reference trajectories, improving robustness. An adaptive state observer and backstepping-based controller compensate for actuator and communication faults in real time. Simulations show the method reduces steady-state errors to 10⁻⁴ meters and enhances fault resilience compared to non-FTC approaches.
76Army Recognition2026-07-30
The U.S. has tested over 35 autonomous systems designed for future naval warfare in the Indo-Pacific region. These tests aim to enhance military capabilities in the area. The systems include unmanned vehicles and other advanced technologies. The initiative reflects efforts to modernize naval operations.
77SOFX2026-06-23
The U.S. Army conducted tests of an autonomous boat swarm in the Pacific in June 2026. The exercise involved multiple unmanned vessels operating collaboratively. The goal was to evaluate the swarm's coordination and effectiveness in maritime operations. No specific outcomes or technical details were disclosed in the report.
78WorkBoat2026-04-23
Hanwha and Magnet Defense have partnered to develop autonomous naval vessels. The collaboration aims to advance unmanned maritime technology for defense applications. The initiative focuses on building and deploying these vessels in naval operations. No specific timelines or technical details were provided in the announcement.
79Investing.com2026-04-20
Leidos and Havoc have partnered to integrate autonomous systems. The collaboration aims to enhance capabilities in autonomous technology. No specific details on applications or timelines were provided in the announcement. The partnership was reported on April 20, 2026.
80Marine News Magazine2026-04-14
FMD has developed a fully autonomous system for recovering uncrewed surface vessels (USVs). The technology aims to improve efficiency and safety in maritime operations. The system eliminates the need for manual intervention during USV retrieval. Details on its deployment or performance were not provided in the announcement.
81台灣英文新聞2026-11-05
The article discusses how Ukraine’s unmanned boat warfare experience could inform Taiwan’s asymmetric defense strategies, though direct application is limited due to differing sea conditions, communication challenges, and defense environments in the Taiwan Strait. The DSET report suggests trilateral cooperation (Taiwan-U.S.-Ukraine or Taiwan-Japan-Ukraine) to combine Taiwan’s manufacturing strengths with Ukraine’s software and combat expertise, while addressing export controls and intellectual property concerns. While Ukraine’s low-cost, high-impact unmanned boats have proven effective in the Black Sea, Taiwan’s harsher maritime conditions and lack of combat experience may reduce their immediate effectiveness. The report emphasizes the need for localized testing, modular development, and cost-benefit analysis before scaling procurement.
82珠海网2026-11-0521财经
The episode features a guest from Lingnan who focuses on strengthening China’s maritime power through marine embodied intelligence. The discussion highlights the development of unmanned boats as a key innovation in this field. The guest’s work aims to create China’s solution for advanced maritime technology. The episode is part of the *Ideas Shine in Lingnan* series.
83DIGITIMES2026-11-05
Jingchuang Solutions plans to add advanced memory production next year. A shift in the U.S. election has drawn attention to Taiwanese firms' $2.9 billion investment. Taiwan and the U.S. are collaborating on a "hybrid unmanned vessel" project. The developments highlight growing tech and defense partnerships between the two regions.
84동아일보2026-11-05
The Republic of Korea Navy's Cheonghae Unit has added the "Poseidon," a submarine-killing system, to its capabilities. Alongside this, the unit has also incorporated a three-piece set of unmanned assets: an unmanned surface vessel, a submarine drone, and an underwater robot. These additions aim to enhance the unit's operational effectiveness. The upgrades were reported as part of the Navy's modernization efforts.
85Ocean News & Technology2026-11-04
The AUKUS exercise off California demonstrated rapid integration of unmanned systems, combining SubSea Craft’s MARS USV with NSI/DF’s Arowana UUV within 48 hours. The integrated system successfully conducted over-the-horizon engagements against surface targets, showcasing accuracy and endurance. Additionally, an underwater launch capability was tested, pairing the Arowana UUV with SubSea Craft’s CADDIS UAS, enabling divers to deploy both systems from submerged positions. The exercise highlighted the potential for modular, interoperable autonomous systems to enhance maritime operations and accelerate mission-ready capabilities.
86硬是要學 SOFT4FUN2026-11-03
Taiwan’s "Feng Jin Mo Gui Yu" unmanned surface vessel, developed by CSBC, debuted at the 2026 MATURE Taiwan expo. The 8.6-meter trimaran features stealth design, AI target recognition, and a top speed of 35+ knots, with capabilities for asymmetric warfare and port security. It has accompanied Taiwan’s Hai Kun submarine in sea trials and supports swarm operations of up to 50 vessels per control station. While still a prototype without government contracts, CSBC estimates potential annual production of 40–500 units.
87新唐人電視台2026-10-27
The article reports that unmanned boats developed during the Ukraine war will be introduced in Taiwan. Taiwan’s CSBC Corporation demonstrated the ability to remotely control a swarm of these vessels across oceans. The technology showcases advancements in long-distance, autonomous naval operations. The move highlights growing defense collaborations between Taiwan and international partners.
88경향신문2026-10-26
The article discusses "Aljaldakkalssen," a concept for autonomous swarm satellites designed to enhance space mobility. Authored by Lee Chang-jin and published in *Kyunghyang Shinmun* on October 26, 2026, it explores how these satellites could operate collaboratively in groups. The technology aims to improve efficiency and flexibility in space missions. The piece highlights its potential as a future advancement in space exploration.
89newsbreak2026-10-13
The Hellenic Navy is deploying 10 unmanned vessels and submarines to enhance operations in the Aegean Sea. These systems aim to improve surveillance, reconnaissance, and strategic capabilities. The initiative reflects efforts to modernize naval forces and address regional security challenges. No specific technical details or operational outcomes are provided.
90Nemesis HD2026-10-13
The Hellenic Navy introduced *Pyrpolitis*, a new unmanned vessel featuring Anduril’s autonomous underwater vehicle technology. The defense ministry highlighted its strategic importance in modern naval operations. Photos and video footage of the system were released alongside official statements. The project reflects advancements in Greece’s unmanned maritime defense capabilities.
91www.vanguarddefence.ca2026-10-07
Canadian sea drone manufacturers have developed a unified command system to integrate fast and persistent unmanned surface vessels (USVs). The system enables coordinated control of multiple USVs for enhanced operational efficiency. This advancement aims to improve maritime capabilities for defense and surveillance applications. The technology was reported by Vanguard Defence in October 2026.
92军网2026-09-30
Unmanned anti-submarine boats are evolving from supporting roles in submarine searches to leading systematic submarine hunting operations. This shift reflects advancements in autonomy, sensor integration, and networked warfare capabilities. The transition emphasizes coordinated, multi-platform strategies over isolated detection efforts. The article highlights China's progress in developing these systems for modern naval operations.
93中国新闻网2026-09-28
Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) set a world record for operating the highest number of underwater autonomous vehicles simultaneously. The achievement was reported by China News Service on September 28, 2026. The record involves multiple unmanned underwater vehicles functioning autonomously at the same time. No further details on the exact number or specific applications were provided.
94人民网2026-09-24
On September 24, 2026, a world record was set when 116 autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) achieved synchronized formation swimming. The event, reported by People's Daily, marked the largest number of AUVs operating in coordinated motion. No additional technical details or methods were provided in the announcement. The record highlights advancements in underwater robotics and multi-vehicle coordination.
95National Defense Magazine2026-06-25
A company is providing collaborative maritime autonomy solutions to the U.S. Navy. The technology enables multiple unmanned vessels to operate together efficiently. This initiative aims to enhance naval operations through coordinated autonomous systems. The article highlights the company's role in advancing these capabilities for defense applications.
96Sahm2026-04-20
Leidos and Havoc have integrated their technologies to improve autonomous systems for maritime and air applications. The collaboration aims to enhance the performance and capabilities of unmanned vehicles in these domains. This partnership focuses on advancing autonomy solutions for defense and commercial use. No specific technical details or outcomes were provided in the announcement.
97UK Defence Journal2026-11-04
Babcock has expanded its ARMOR Force framework by partnering with Thales, Kraken Technology Group, and five other companies to integrate crewed and uncrewed naval fleets. The framework aims to provide navies with a single accountable integrator for platforms, sensors, and mission systems, supported by Babcock’s facilities in Rosyth and Devonport. Babcock emphasizes commanded autonomy, ensuring human oversight while leveraging technology for operational advantage. The company plans an early 2027 demonstration for the Royal Navy using HMS Venturer and an HII vessel, though no contract is confirmed.
98Hellenic Shipping News2026-11-03
KONGSBERG expanded its Aegir SSA sonar family with two new models, Aegir17 and Aegir57N, now available for order alongside the existing Aegir57. Aegir17 offers long-range, 360-degree detection for larger platforms, while Aegir57N provides compact, high-definition navigation and security for unmanned vessels and fixed installations. The company also partnered with Viam to develop an AI-powered virtual sonar operator to automate underwater object detection. The Aegir SSA family integrates with broader maritime surveillance systems for enhanced subsea and surface monitoring.
99Envanter Medya2026-10-19
The US Navy integrated an unmanned vessel into a carrier strike group for the first time in October 2026. This marks a step toward incorporating autonomous systems into naval operations. The vessel is expected to enhance surveillance, reconnaissance, and logistical capabilities. No specific details about the vessel’s model or operational role were provided.
This paper introduces a control framework (DO-ANFSMC) for collaborative autonomous surface (ASV) and underwater (URV) vehicles in search-and-rescue missions, addressing environmental disturbances and obstacle avoidance. The method combines adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems, disturbance observers, and sliding-mode control, with parameters optimized via an improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO-CT). Simulations with one ASV and two URVs demonstrated low yaw-rate tracking errors (0.00185–0.01915 rad/s) and reduced path lengths (68.171–79.399 m) while ensuring obstacle clearance. Results show improved trajectory tracking, disturbance rejection, and navigation efficiency compared to alternative approaches.
Antarctic research operations face increasing disruptions from extreme environmental events (EEEs) due to climate change, affecting personnel deployment, equipment use, and access to remote sites. Research stations, airfields, and vessel routes are becoming less reliable, threatening traditional levels of scientific activity. Autonomous systems may help supplement fieldwork to maintain research capabilities. Preparing for these challenges will be critical ahead of the 5th International Polar Year (2032-33).
This study introduces a combined task-path optimization method for unmanned surface vehicle (USV) groups to improve efficiency by integrating task allocation and path planning. The approach uses a hierarchical framework with real-world ocean current disturbances and algorithms like an enhanced Hungarian method and SCA-APF to avoid local minima. Simulations show an 11.1% cost reduction and 80.5% better task allocation efficiency compared to genetic algorithms, with over 99% task completion in dynamic settings. The system remains fast, processing each step in under 0.1 seconds for swarms of up to 32 USVs.
103defence-industry2026-11-05Defence Industry Europe
The Finnish Navy will launch an Unmanned Systems Company at its Coastal Brigade in Upinniemi in early 2027, training conscripts, military personnel, and reservists. The unit will deploy uncrewed systems across surface, underwater, air, and land domains to support naval operations and reduce personnel tasks. The Navy demonstrated Patria’s unmanned platforms, including drones and surface vessels, during an event showcasing their surveillance and autonomous capabilities. The initiative aims to integrate unmanned systems into naval defense, collaborating with industry and international partners.
104Nine.com.au2026-10-25
Australia will deploy unmanned AI-powered submarines called Ghost Sharks, developed by Anduril Industries, to enhance lethal naval capabilities. The submarines are designed for autonomous operations, reducing risks to human crews. The project aims to bolster defense against potential threats in the Indo-Pacific region. Ghost Sharks are expected to enter service in the late 2020s.
105Naval News2026-10-19
HD Hyundai and Anduril successfully demonstrated the integration of VAone and Lattice unmanned surface vessel (USV) autonomy systems in October 2026. The collaboration showcased combined capabilities for autonomous maritime operations. The test highlighted interoperability between the two platforms. No further technical or operational details were provided.
This study introduces a nonlinear control method (SPT-TACC) for unmanned surface vessels (USVs) to achieve synchronized, disturbance-resistant target tracking within a predefined time. The approach converts error models into periodic delayed forms and designs a feedback-based system ensuring simultaneous arrival at tracking points. Stability is rigorously proven, and guidelines for setting convergence times are provided to prevent system divergence. Simulations confirm the method’s effectiveness.
107더글로벌기빙뉴스2026-08-03
Hanwha Systems introduced AI-powered maritime unmanned systems in August 2026. The demonstration showcased combined combat operations involving both manned and unmanned systems. The technology aims to enhance naval capabilities through automation and AI integration. No specific technical details or performance results were provided.
This paper introduces "Social Mini-Games" (SMGs) as constrained, high-agency environments (e.g., doorways, hallways) where robots must navigate while interacting with humans and other robots. It highlights inconsistencies in assumptions, objectives, and evaluation methods across existing SMG navigation research, creating challenges for comparisons and practical applications. The authors propose a unified taxonomy and definitions to standardize the field, classify current methods, and outline evaluation protocols. The work aims to guide future research and lower barriers for new researchers in multi-robot navigation.
This paper introduces a hybrid deep reinforcement learning (HDRL) framework to manage task-heterogeneous formation control for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). The approach splits tasks into leader path planning (using single-agent DRL) and follower formation tracking (using multi-agent DRL), incorporating real USV physical constraints. A dynamic gating mechanism and mirror mapping improve control performance and policy sharing. Simulations show a 44.59% increase in planning success rate over single-agent DRL and a 21.79–39.64% improvement in tracking performance over multi-agent DRL.
110Asian Military Review2026-06-26
The U.S. donated unmanned surface and underwater vessels to the Philippine Navy in June 2026. The move aims to enhance the Philippines' maritime surveillance and defense capabilities. No specific details on the number or types of vessels were provided. The donation reflects ongoing military cooperation between the two nations.
111搜狐2026-11-06
Taiwan plans to build 1,320 suicide drone boats by 2027, each capable of 40-knot speeds and carrying 300–850 kg of explosives. Key components like chips, sensors, and navigation systems must be imported, as local production lacks critical AI and autonomous capabilities. Experts note the boats remain in early development, with full AI-driven swarm control unlikely before 2031. The Taiwan Strait’s narrow, heavily monitored waters make large-scale deployment difficult, unlike the Black Sea’s broader operational space.
112Defense News2026-11-02
Australia has revealed three payloads for its Anduril-developed Ghost Shark extra-large autonomous underwater vehicles (XLAUVs): sea mines, Altius-600 loitering munitions, and logistics supply caches. Two of these payloads—sea mines and loitering munitions—are designed for kinetic strikes, while the third supports covert resupply missions. The modular system allows for additional payloads, including torpedoes and electronic warfare tools, with production accelerating to fill capability gaps ahead of nuclear submarine deliveries. The Royal Australian Navy is also deploying smaller Speartooth XLAUVs to enhance undersea warfare and operational flexibility.
113The Australian2026-10-22
The AUKUS partnership tested advanced Australian drone systems in recent military exercises. Key technologies included the Speartooth, an autonomous underwater vessel designed to carry various payloads, and the BlueBottle, an uncrewed surface vehicle. These systems aim to enhance surveillance and operational capabilities. The exercises reflect efforts to strengthen defense collaboration among AUKUS nations.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of different search patterns (Random Walk, Spiral, Lawnmower, and Cluster Search) for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) in multi-target tracking using the Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization with k-Nearest Neighbors (APSO–kNN) algorithm. Simulations show that systematic patterns like Spiral and Lawnmower improve coverage and accuracy, while Random Walk is less reliable due to its unpredictability. Cluster Search depends on target distribution, and a mixed strategy offers balanced performance. APSO–kNN enhances adaptability for real-world applications like surveillance and search-and-rescue missions.
This paper introduces a frequency-aware formation control method for unmanned surface vehicle (USV) clusters to address challenges like environmental disturbances, noisy measurements, and actuator limitations. The approach combines command-filtered backstepping, sliding-mode control, a saturation-protected high-gain observer, and momentum-based disturbance estimation to mitigate phase lag, observer peaking, and communication issues. The framework ensures bounded tracking errors and stability through Lyapunov-based analysis. Simulations confirm the method's effectiveness and improved performance.
This paper presents a fault-tolerant control (FTC) algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to maintain formation under challenges like disturbances, model uncertainties, actuator faults, and input saturation. The method combines cooperative learning neural networks, distributed disturbance observers, and backstepping techniques, with shared neural network weights improving coordination. An auxiliary system and actuator matrix address input saturation and propeller failures, ensuring errors stay within predefined performance limits. Simulations with four USVs confirm the algorithm’s effectiveness in maintaining formation and reducing tracking error oscillations compared to non-learning methods.
117Naval Today2026-11-06
Naval Group and Abu Dhabi’s Technology Innovation Institute (TII) have partnered to develop and commercialize autonomous underwater vehicles (UUVs). The collaboration combines TII’s expertise in autonomous systems with Naval Group’s naval design and integration experience, focusing on surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat UUVs for both contested and non-contested waters. The agreement aims to advance the UAE’s maritime technology capabilities and strengthen industrial cooperation with France. Key efforts include integrating TII’s extra-large UUV with Naval Group’s unmanned combat underwater systems.
118EDR Magazine2026-11-05
ST Engineering’s Multi-Role Vessel (MRV) debuted at Euronaval 2026 as a 150-meter, 8,000-tonne mothership designed to deploy and coordinate unmanned systems, extending naval surveillance and operational reach. The vessel integrates advanced sensors, missile systems (including MBDA’s MICA and Aster), and gun armament, allowing it to function as both a command hub and an independent combat platform. Built on Singapore’s experience with unmanned systems, the MRV proposes a manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) approach to enhance mission effectiveness while reducing reliance on large crewed fleets. Its European debut aims to showcase this concept to naval decision-makers seeking distributed maritime capabilities.
119Marine Insight2026-10-29
Turkey is constructing a 60,000-ton aircraft carrier, named MUGEM, designed to be the first to integrate unmanned systems, including drones, unmanned ships, and underwater vehicles. The carrier, expected to be commissioned by 2032, will measure 285 meters long, accommodate 2,500 crew members, and feature a short takeoff but arrested recovery system. Defense analysts caution that launching and recovering unmanned systems from a carrier may expose it to risks, as such tasks are typically handled by frigates or amphibious ships. The carrier will operate alongside destroyers, submarines, and frigates, equipped with advanced air defense and over 50 aircraft, including manned and unmanned variants.
120Onalert2026-10-05
Hivemind AI software enables uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) like the British K3 SCOUT to operate as an autonomous team. The system was demonstrated to coordinate multiple USVs without human intervention. This technology aims to enhance collaborative missions for naval or maritime applications. The K3 SCOUT USVs were used to showcase the software’s capabilities.
This paper discusses the role of unmanned marine vehicles (UMVs), such as surface vehicles, underwater vehicles, and gliders, in ocean exploration, resource development, and environmental monitoring. It covers key technical aspects, including perception, planning, control, and swarm coordination. UMVs are highlighted as essential tools for maritime security and search-and-rescue operations. The work provides an overview of current advancements and applications in the field.
122openalex2026-06-03Xueming Liu, Lin Li, Xiang Zhou, Tianjiang Hu +1 more
This paper presents a method for multiple unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to circle a target without relying on external positioning systems. The USVs use onboard sensors and communication to measure distances and angles, employing two types of Kalman filters to estimate positions relative to the target and each other. A formation controller based on coupled oscillators ensures the system remains observable while maintaining a uniform circular formation. Simulations confirm the approach works effectively.